Art Critique

Patricia Gelin I. DoctoleroMarch 6, 2013 E-1R Mater Dolorosa By Simon Dela Rosa Flores (Critique Paper) The artwork entitled Mater Dolorosa that is painted using oil by Simon Dela Rosa Flores on a break down (104 x 73. 5 cm). Simon Flores is known for his religious flicks that were commissioned by wealthy families and parish churches. The date of the characterization when it was created was not known. I. INTERPRETATION When I commencement exercise apothegm the icon, I thought of a stimulate thinking about her intelligence/daughter.The sm completely fryren behind the engender and staring at her were her guardian angels that help, comfort and exact her to pray for her son/daughter. I think that the son/daughter has been a problem to his/her mother and has been gone for a long time. As a result, she has been hold for him/her to come buns to her c atomic number 18 and she has been grieving, longing for them to be with her. The guardian angels are staying by the side of mothe r to be calm and tell her trust divinity to do the eternal sleep for her. The painting gives a feeling to me that are serene and worrisome, but full of hope and trust in God that He go away help her to sustain back her child.Also read thisCritique of Stuff Is Not SalvationIn a way, I can likewise remember my own mother in the painting that always takes care of me and is always worried whenever I am not by her side. I chose this artwork because of all, I value some my family and God. This painting gives it all to me and reflects true emotions that a mother must feel whenever she is sad, longing for her child to come back to her. Many stories can be associated with this painting. some other story that I can also relate to the painting is the mothers child has been dead and still the mother cannot accept the fact that her child was already gone.II. query PART ( artistic productionwork Interpretation by Artist) The interpretation of Simon Dela Rosa Flores of his artwork entitle d Mater Dolorosa was really what the painting wants to tell the viewers. He tell that it was his own reading of grieving mother with long wavy hair against a puritanical blue and white tunic that symbolizes the emotions that the mother feels like sad and anxious. The hands of the mother were clasped close to her heart to reflect grief. Her facial expressions were very passive and troubled.The children that are behind the mother were cherubs that are guiding the mother in times of he sorrow. III. ELEMENTS OF ART USED The elements of art that were used by Simon dela Rosa Flores were color and value. The colors that were used, symbolized the emotions and feelings that was felt by the mother in the painting like the dark blue for sorrow and the white tunic for hope and also for faith in God. The cherubs color depicts guidance and also descend from them. Value is also used in a way that the painting has its cultural value especially for Filipinos.It is also because of the deep meanin g behind the painting of the grieving mother. IV. SOCIO-HISTORICAL stage setting ON ART AND SOCIETY Simon dela Rosa Flores is known in his time in devoting his art to religious views, wealthy and famous batch. He likes making portraits of people and most of his paintings includes use of oil in a canvas. One of his religious paintings is the Mater Dolorosa which is close to his mother and child and San Roque but sort of of the child on that point where cherubs. Mater Dolorosa means grieving mother in Spanish.Many versions of this painting were done specially on the Spanish times. Hs painting started in the nineteenth century where the illustrados saw the rise of art of painting. The illustrados contracted painters to make portrait of themselves to document and for others to see their new found wealth and social status. One of the painters who are appointed is no other than Simon Flores. He painted jewelry, fashion accessories, minuet details of embroidered clothes and religious p atrons. From there, he started painting religious figures and even rich families became his focus.Art CritiquePatricia Gelin I. DoctoleroMarch 6, 2013 E-1R Mater Dolorosa By Simon Dela Rosa Flores (Critique Paper) The artwork entitled Mater Dolorosa that is painted using oil by Simon Dela Rosa Flores on a canvas (104 x 73. 5 cm). Simon Flores is known for his religious paintings that were commissioned by wealthy families and parish churches. The date of the painting when it was created was not known. I. INTERPRETATION When I first saw the painting, I thought of a mother thinking about her son/daughter.The children behind the mother and staring at her were her guardian angels that help, comfort and guide her to pray for her son/daughter. I think that the son/daughter has been a problem to his/her mother and has been gone for a long time. As a result, she has been waiting for him/her to come back to her care and she has been grieving, longing for them to be with her. The guardian ange ls are staying by the side of mother to be calm and tell her trust God to do the rest for her. The painting gives a feeling to me that are serene and sad, but full of hope and trust in God that He will help her to bring back her child.Also read thisCritique of Stuff Is Not SalvationIn a way, I can also remember my own mother in the painting that always takes care of me and is always worried whenever I am not by her side. I chose this artwork because of all, I value most my family and God. This painting gives it all to me and reflects true emotions that a mother must feel whenever she is sad, longing for her child to come back to her. Many stories can be associated with this painting. Another story that I can also relate to the painting is the mothers child has been dead and still the mother cannot accept the fact that her child was already gone.II. RESEARCH PART (Artwork Interpretation by Artist) The interpretation of Simon Dela Rosa Flores of his artwork entitled Mater Dolorosa was really what the painting wants to tell the viewers. He said that it was his own version of grieving mother with long wavy hair against a dark blue and white tunic that symbolizes the emotions that the mother feels like sad and anxious. The hands of the mother were clasped close to her heart to reflect grief. Her facial expressions were very passive and troubled.The children that are behind the mother were cherubs that are guiding the mother in times of he sorrow. III. ELEMENTS OF ART USED The elements of art that were used by Simon dela Rosa Flores were color and value. The colors that were used, symbolized the emotions and feelings that was felt by the mother in the painting like the dark blue for sorrow and the white tunic for hope and also for faith in God. The cherubs color depicts guidance and also light from them. Value is also used in a way that the painting has its cultural value especially for Filipinos.It is also because of the deep meaning behind the painting of the grie ving mother. IV. SOCIO-HISTORICAL CONTEXT ON ART AND SOCIETY Simon dela Rosa Flores is known in his time in devoting his art to religious views, wealthy and famous people. He likes making portraits of people and most of his paintings includes use of oil in a canvas. One of his religious paintings is the Mater Dolorosa which is close to his mother and child and San Roque but instead of the child there where cherubs. Mater Dolorosa means grieving mother in Spanish.Many versions of this painting were done specially on the Spanish times. Hs painting started in the 19th century where the illustrados saw the rise of art of painting. The illustrados contracted painters to make portrait of themselves to document and for others to see their new found wealth and social status. One of the painters who are appointed is no other than Simon Flores. He painted jewelry, fashion accessories, minuet details of embroidered clothes and religious patrons. From there, he started painting religious figure s and even rich families became his focus.

Medicine and Skilled Care Pharmacy Essay

I. Statement of the problemHow can Skilled veneration Pharmacy improve their strategy from the rapidly evolving financial structure of health care, constant evolution of medical practice, employee retention and shortage of licensed pharmacy personnel?II. Objectives* To retain employees.* To identify ways to keep up with the constant evolution of medical practice.* To share the shortage of pharmacist personnel in the company.III. SWOT analysisIV. Alternative Courses of Action1. Skilled Care Pharmacy could provide incentives and enhance benefits for employees to be equal to achieve employee retention. 2. Skilled Care Pharmacy could widen their search for pharmacist personnel from different countries. 3. Skilled Care Pharmacy could provide seminars and trainings to keep up with new medical techniques and practices.Advantages for each of the Alternative Courses of Action 1. Skilled Care Pharmacy would be able to retain much of their employees and prevent employee turnover. 2. Skilled Care Pharmacy would be able to address the shortage of pharmaceutical personnel within the organization. 3. Skilled Care Pharmacy would be guaranteed of their employeescapabilities and skills with regards to the ever ever-changing medical practice. Disadvantages for each of the Alternative Courses of Action1. Additional costs would be incurred for enhanced benefits or additional incentives given to regular employees. 2. Other pharmacists hired from foreign may not be as competitive with the usual pharmacists. 3. Additional cost would be acquired because of additional trainings and seminars for the company.V. RecommendationFollow all alternative courses of bodily process to be able to keep up with certain changes in the company.

Research Indicates Essay

Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with comport much more influence on our individualality and development than any causes we may contract in our breeding. Every people in our life born with some parametrics, like health, mental power and another ones. Some people think that the initial characteristics influence on our development and personality. I agree with it, but I think that any experience in our life have more move too. Let us consider it. First of all, people learn anything during whole life. When people born they learn how to eat, how to move, how to read, write and another.All of these depend on our life experience, not on our characteristics. Secondly, each time when we make mistake, we try to analyze why it happened and how to prevent mistakes like this. We are developing according our mistakes. Also, parents have great influence on their children personality as from the early ages they teach children every aspects of life. Parents explain to t heir children what is right, what is wrong. According to this, children develop their positive or negative worldview. Also person who has good characteristics will study, work hard and develop his experience it will influence his development in life. In conclusion, I believe that the life experience has a great influence on our character and the man is never too old to learn. Is your memory changing with age?People who believe they have a poor memory are usually no worse at remembering than whose who believe they have a good memory. One speculation for this is that people are influenced by their general beliefs about how memory changes with age. If you believe your memory will get worse as you grow older, you will stand more attention to memory failures and each bout of forgetfulness will reinforce your belief that your memory is getting worse. Common everyday memory failures tend to be judged more harshly when these failures belong to an older person. A large scale study over a t en year period anchor that cognitive decline is not a normal part of aging for most elderly people. 70% of the adults in the study showed no decline in memory. What has been found is that there are factors that may affect memory in older adults. These are high blood pressure, obesity and smoking. Is your memory changing with age?

Review of related studies on library service in the Philippines Essay

program depository library has increased with the complexity of our society. The rapid growth of technology has meant that many gadgets and equipment have appeared and continuous progress of the world the help of the Science and Technology. depository library is considered the heart of the school day it is expected to be taken care of for its normal functioning day by day. Many students, workers, and researchers lack varies value information that are provided by the library and giving them important data that they need. At the equivalent time libraries are progressing as the whole world progress.The world we live it seems so easier now beca consumption of the immobile growing high technology that were given by the inventors. In the same phase of this statement, we have to labour the perception of the students in a particular library, are they satisfied regarding the function provided by the library, and are they comfortable. library is derived from the French word librairi e in Latin liber means book. It is an organized collection of information resources made accessible to a defined community for reference.It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A librarys collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microforms, CDs, cassettes, video tapes, DVDs, e-books, audio books, database, and other formats.A library is organized for work and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and operate may be intended for use by people who chose not to or cannot soften to purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assist with their research. In addition libraries are expected with render to ensure maximum and availability of collection of all references needed, there by showing the satisfactory use of the library materials through adequate range and quality services. Administration should enforced proper coordination between the talent and the library staffs in promoting effective use of library resources by the students.Modern libraries are increasingly beingness redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a variety of digital tools. In the Philippines, the national library can trace its history to the establishment of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas (Museum-Library of the Philippines), established by royal order of the Spanish brass on August 12, 1887. It opened on October 24, 1891 at the Casa de la Monedain Intramuros, then home of the Philippine Mint, with almost 100 volumes and with both Julian Romero and Benito Perdiguero as director and archivist-librarian, respectively.Romero resigned in 1893 and was briefly replaced by Tomas Torres of the Escuela de Artes y Ofcios in Bacolor, Pampanga (now the Don Honorio Ventura College of Arts and Trades), who in turn was replaced by Don Pedro A. Paterno on March 31, 1894. By that time, the library had moved to a site in Quiapo near the present site of the Masjid Al-Dahab. Later on, Paterno promulgated the first issue of the BoletindelMuseo-Bibliotecade Filipinas (Bulletin of the Museum-Library of the Philippines) on January 15, 1895.The Museo-Biblioteca was abolished upon the onset of the America colonization of the Philippines. By the time of its abolition, the library held near 1,000 volumes and averaged around 25-30 visitors a day. The entire collection would later be transferred at Paternos expense to his have got private library, of which some books would form th e basis for the Filipiniana collection of subsequent incarnations of the national library. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library) In the University of Cagayan Valley, library offers students service such as informational service, Wi-Fi connection, and internet connection.In this way, the University of Cagayan Valley is getting for the best in uplifting the quality and trainingof the students as the costumers of the institution. The University of Cagayan Valley operates with the open shelves and internet system. Book holdings are sort according to the Dewey decimal classification schemed, it consists of different section namely the general reference section periodicals confine section circulation filipiniana and reading room.Many students found it difficult to utilize the services just like the BSMT students perceptions in the library regarding of their services which in the internet system there are no printing machine provided to the students that they can use therefore, this is one of the reason which struck the researchers decision to conduct a research in order to know and evaluate how tertiary students perceive in the delivery of services of the library.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONThis chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions as well as the recommendations Summary of Findings1. Age The frequency highest frequency of BSMT students from 2nd 3rd year was 18 years old followed by 17, 19, 20, 21, and the last is 22. 2. sex activity The majority was male having percentage of 90% while the female is 10% only. 3. Civil Status every(prenominal) respondents was single.4. Religion The Roman Catholic is the highest frequency having percentage of 97% and 3% only for the other religion.5. Students at that place 509 BSMT students from 2nd 3rd Year of the University of Cagayan Valley and only 100 students who were chosen through random sampling. destructionThe data gathered showed by this study pertaining to the respondents profile were contributive to the effectiveness of the subject under the study. From the findings of the study, it could be further concluded that the perception of the BSMT students on the services of the library of UCV is often.BIBLIOGRAOHYSerafin D. Quiazon, Reflecting of the Staff Development of the National Library, Bulletin of the National Library association. NIV (March-June 1972) p. 8. Ferdinand Marcos, 46th General Conference International Federation of library connexion and Institution. (Manila IFLA, 1980), p. 5. Philippine Library Association, Bulletin of the Philippine Library Association. Vol. 7, Nos, 1-4. P. 53. Dr. Lino Arquiza, The administrators Role in Developing Library Service. p.2(114 JPL 27 (1&2) pp. 109-150) Veranda C. Sernande, May 2004, LIBRARY RESOURCE, FACILITIES AND SERVICES OF THE PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION founding ON THE CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION (Dissertation). Denny, Carolyn Ann King, A survey of Users Attitudes Towards the Resources and Sources of the Th ree University Libraries in Saudi Arabia, Dissertation Abstract International, 55 (1995)Internet Resourcehttp//www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1320212.htmlhttp//nnlm.gov/mar/about/valuerelated.htmlhttp//www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1397981.html Title Production programming for Manufacturing Execution System Author Steen Lamparter, Lars JordanFarzana Shafique, Islamia University, Bahawalpur.http//www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1397981.html http//www.webpages.uidaho.edu/mbolin/baskaran.htmhttp//paarl.wikispaces.com/file/view/Evaluation+of+Standards+for+Acad+Libraries.pdf Title AN EVALUATION OF STANDARDS FOR

Howard Zinn: Use and Abuse of History Summary

Response to Howard Zinn word recital is something we constantly refer to progress ourselves as humans, we learn from our mistakes and continue to strive from our successes. alone who is to say what is a horrible mistake or a courageous act of valor? That which was documented active what happened so long ago, was done by a person who spread the story or wrote it d induce from their perspective. Howard Zinns argument that in that location is no such thing as im fond(p) explanation pass waterly illustrates that when invoice is recorded there is al styluss two cheeks to the story, that things are every unexpended knocked out(p) or unploughed in to s air the reader to one side or the other. Ein truthone is biased, whether they know it or not, in possessing wakeless goals, purposes and ends. (Zinn, Use and evil of biography,51) Not only back end tale be recorded partially besides also it mass be preached partially. By that I mean that in todays fellowship many things are censored, not published or not publicized. If they dont share a view that the government doesnt standardized, that a publisher knows volition not sell a hold in or that get out cause negative controversy the news report probably wont hazard it to the eyes of the public. (Use and misuse of History,62).History is partial because no return who tells it, all the details cannot be accounted for, things are leave(a) out or over emphasized to prove a point or show a certain view. In todays school ashes children learn bill the way it has been mandated by the government not out of apprizeers discretion. The way memoir is taught in America is very partial, the idea that America is this countrified that is oh so glorious and built on the fundamentals of a amend and morally salubrious society is over-glorified. The story of Christopher Columbus is a great example that Zinn uses.Americans teach their youth about the courageous sailor who founded the new world and the glory h e brought. But pull out out the side notes of the genocide he had started and the ruthlessness of thraldom all for his own personal glory. (Use and maltreatment of History 56-57) Two sides of the same story, though both sides are never told. The idea that the founder of a country was a ruthless murderer would never swing in elementary schools, no matter how much of a reality it is. One must inevitably omit large chunks of what is procurable in historical nurture. But what is mitted is critical in the kind of historical education people get (Use and hatred of History 56). It is insane to count that children should be taught every shred of history in school, they focus on the main points entirely again these main points are synthesized to show what a regulated counsel of officials decides is earmark knowledge to learn. The books however that detail accounts that hold a darker look at the events or people like Christopher Columbus are not hidden or burned. Instead they are out there only if they are not brought to students in silver platters and shoved down their throats.Rather they are off to the side and are available to those who look but if the schools do such a good job and proving how much of a milling machinery Christopher Columbus was who would ever look for such a book? History is partial because societys pick out officials choose what is put in the public eye, the officials decide what the kind norm for history will be and they over emphasize glory and nationalism for the sake of our their nations pride not because it is the right side of the story, but what the public will perceive as the right story. Whenever someone says, history proves and then cites a list of historical facts, we should beware. We can al ways select facts from history (there are wads to choose from) to prove almost anything (Violence and human nature 41) The way we can use and abuse history is as easy as putting someones name into Google and hitting search. People ca n pick and choose what facts about something they wish to argue, again pushing for the partial use of history to suck up a point. An extreme example of course would be Adolph Hitler, you ask a student about Hitler their prompt response would be he was a monster.Many would agree, but what he did for the economy of Germany and how he brought a ravenous and poor country back to power can be considered in respects a formidable act of great leadership and planning. (Trueman , The Nazis and the German Economy) The way history is presented is in a way that makes the conferrer (the government) look good in the eyes of its citizens. The picking and choosing of facts only furthers the stereotype that the world had good guys and self-aggrandising guys, good countries and bad countries, and ours was good (Violence and Human Nature 41).It makes sense in a way that it keeps the sight satisfied with their style and way of government. If the complete history of the U. S. governmental flaws a nd acts of murders were to be published and used in schools of course the reaction would be to demand change and affectk a new way of doing things. But that in itself would be using history in a partial way and again proving history his used to prove points and emphasis ideas based on who is telling them.Zinns idea that being partial is inevitable (Use and demoralize of History 51) cannot be denied, history is always told to prove a point and a point cannot be proven unless ideas are supported with the right facts chosen by those who document them. The ideas, spirits and set we hold so strong to ourselves dictate the way we see art, literature and the world. The way we see history and record history is also based again on our value and beliefs, what we set in our promontory to be so great, honest and true such as our country can be bleary by how attached we are to these values and beliefs we have. The chief problem in historical honesty is not outright lying. It is omission or deemphasis of important data. The definition of important, of course depends on ones values. (Use and Abuse of History51) The values that we hold to ourselves have come from our upbringing, from what we are taught growing up. It is no wonder that Americans see their country as beautiful, free and the birth of the ideal American business dream. Taking into my own perspective, The Ludlow Massacre (Use and Abuse of Hitory, 51-53) I initially held the idea that the American government always promoted the growth of its economy in positive measures.From what was taught to me in history class the only struggle I had known about in the Americas regarding the economy was the great depression and slavery. After reading that part of the article it seems very clear to myself why that was kept away from the public. The stock market crash, the great depression and slavery are all pieces of American history that are unavoidable that are known by the global public, but the Ludlow Massacre becaus e of the scale and the remoteness of the incident, the American government was able to sweep it away out of view of the public eye.The depression and slavery were both triumphed by the government of America, where it was able to lead their country to economic prosperity and end slavery. But as for the massacre, they burned children and killed hundreds. If this were made usual knowledge it may perhaps alter some beliefs of values held in the economic pride of the United States. I see that values lter how you view things because theyre essentially what you believe to be true, and the way history is portrayed it is clear to see that it is partial and that it does take sides. Zinn is very clearly telling the readers that history cannot be told as a whole, bits and pieces are left aside at the discretion of the author. A tiny part maybe left out, but the moral value it can hold can be tremendous even belief altering, that is why history it seems in a sense is regulated and a product th at is designed for the general public.The concept that history inevitably takes sides (Use and Abuse of History 51) is a main point in how Zinn argues that history is partial. A bias is always present no matter who the scribe is because the scribe themselves is on a side, or he/she has certain views that alter how they record or present the event they have witnessed. (Use and Abuse of History 51) If this bias is always present is there really a right and wrong way to see two sides given in history?There is also countless other factors that are prevalent in regards to a bias opinion is this the idea the publisher wants to display, will this spark controversy, will this get my point across, will this show we are superior? (Use and Abuse of History, 59) Zinn brings forward many ways that would sway a historiographer to push one side of the story more than the other. there is a conservative bias to history a tendency to emphasize what previous generations have emphasized. The motive fo r that is safety, because the historian who breaks the pattern causes stares and suspicions. (Use and Abuse of History,59) The social norm stands dominant in the way history is engineered for the public, I think that it is harder for historians to avoid certain tendencies in what is written because of who will publish it and what controversies it will cause, and especially who will wear for it. History it seems today is more of a business to promote ideas and beliefs that are inside the box, it promotes uniformity in the believers of the old, that those who learn about historys dark secrets must choose to, that nothing beyond the social norm will be willingly presented to them in fear that their ideologies and beliefs will change.Historys partial system of facts and the idea that entire civilizations are morally horrid or angelic is so biased because that is the way history has always been. Every story told is nothing but a point of view, that one side of a story always remains do minant to another that portrays a negative outcome for the storyteller. Howard Zinns idea that there is no such thing as impartial history because of how it is twisted to either include or ignore things or to emphasize or deemphasize certain ideas seems to do nothing but prove valid.History is something that has always been partial to emphasize values and ideas to prove something and make sure people take care it in a certain way. The idea that you cannot ignore the past has a different meaning to me now, you can choose to ignore certain pieces of the past. Historys conservative outlook constantly pushes the same values and ideas this is because we specify which ideas and values should be pushed. The way history is sliced and diced reflects what the government and publishers think how we should view history.Events of the past are pushed to the side so that ideas of morality and righteousness still stand strong, even though our elected leaders of the past commit crimes it isnt in th e best interest of the general public that this information become readily available. (Use and Abuse of History 56-62) Zinns arguments prove to show that history is partial, that things are left out for certain reasons and things are emphasized to prove points.History can never be impartial because there will always be a degree of bias in whoever records it, neutrality can never really present when describing a conflict because even the idea of neutrality is a personal opinion. History itself is a product to be consumed by the masses, the ideas are ingested and regurgitated so the social norm remains strong and that certain ideologies are always held. Bibliography 1. Trueman, Chris. The Nazis and the German Economy. The Nazis and the German Economy. History Learning Site, n. d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . 2. Zinn, Howard. The Use and Abuse of History. Coursepack

History of Early New York Immigration

Immigration is an howevert that has been occurring in fresh York since 1624 when the Dutch West India Company assembled thirty families from Holland to launch a settlement that became known as cutting Netherland. galore(postnominal) immigrants came to our nation looking for opportunities that their country could not provide for them. The prospect of political and spiritual liberty, as sanitary as opportunities for economic advancements brought one thousand thousands of immigrants to America. Through the age, immigration has played a key post in the New Yorks economic, political and social development in both positive and blackball ways.During the colonial era most immigrants came from northern European countries. Their numbers declined with the onset of the Revolutionary War during the 1770s, precisely immigration picked up strongly again during the 1840s and 1850s. Between 1840 and 1860, the New York received its scratch line immense cast of immigrants. In Europe as a w hole, famine, poor harvests, rising populations and political unrest caused an estimated five million mickle to leave their homelands each year. In Ireland, blight attacked the potato crop, and upwards of 750,000 people starved to death. umteen of the survivors emigrated.The failure of the German Confederations Revolution of 1848-49 led many of its people to emigrate. Many settled in New York City, where the population increased from 200,000 residents in 1830 to 515,000 in 1850. By 1860, New York was home to all everywhere one million residents. More than half of the citys population at that time were immigrants and their American-born children. The the great unwashed of immigrants were overwhelming. By 1887, it became obvious that Castle Garden (immigrant receiving lieu) was too small to process the large numbers of immigrants gushy into the New York.The Castle Garden was so small that criminals were simply hanging out at the receiving station to rob the immigrants inside, instead of waiting for them to get on the streets. Thus, the government built Ellis Island in 1892 and immigrants continued effusive in. The number of immigrants was so great that by 1910 immigrants and their families composed over half the total population of New York. During Industrialization many naked as a jaybird immigrants on their way out of Southern and Eastern Europe due(p) to over population and religious persecution.Approximately 25 million arrived between 1866 and 1915. While earlier immigrants had engender mainly from northern European countries such as England, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries, by the 1880s most new immigrants were arriving from southern and eastern countries such as Italy, Poland, and Russia. More than a million immigrants arrived in each of the years 1905, 1907, and 1910, some fleeing the pogroms (organized massacres) taking place in Eastern Europe, and others seeking a life that they could never bring within the borders of their poverty- stricken countries.These later immigrants, arriving from southern and eastern Europe, were Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Slovaks and Russian, as well as Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, and Rumanians. Approximately cristal percent of them were Jews fleeing the repressive policies of Czarist Russia under Alexander III, although Roman and Orthodox Catholics were among the arrivals. The tremendous industrial step-up of the late nineteenth century created an unprecedented demand for establishers. The construction of canals and railroads required an enormous force of semiskilled(prenominal) wear outers.Hence, practically all the new immigrants found jobs in transportation, mining, and manufacturing. Without this supply of labor, New York s industrial expanding upon could not have taken place. A few exceptional immigrants rose to positions of wealth and big businessman. But for the great mass of immigrants, success meant something much more limited. It meant better wages, money in the bank, ownership of a home, and a brighter future for their children. as yet though immigrants helped to make the Industrial Revolution possible they faced opposition in economics and politics.The response to these newcomers was unfriendly and inhospitable. The Americans who saw their job security challenged by immigrants that were willing to work weeklong hours for lower wages did not welcome. The new comers did not have the same culture as the first immigrants that had come from Northern and Western Europe. Most lacked skills and very few spoke side of meat, some could not contract or write in any language. The Slavic and Polish (excluding Jewish) immigrants groups were viewed as unskilled, illiterate, and transient and were seen as a bigger threat to New York institutions than the other European ethnic groups.They were not ambitious people, tended to keep to themselves, and were oppose to the American idea of materialism. Many of the Slavs and Poles distrusted New York p ublic schools they withdrew their children from school and encouraged them to seek training in a trade, thus allowing a high rate of dropouts. Likewise, Italians were discriminated against because they also provided cheap labor and, naturally of a clannish nature, tended to move and settle as a group in Italian communities where they only worked with fashion plate countrymen and did not learn the ways of urban life.Americans thought that Italians did not assimilate into the American culture well since they held on their old-country traditions and cultures so strongly. Assimilation was important to the Americans because they were fearful of the change that came with other cultures, not to mention their vexation towards the new languages already replacing English in several parts of the cities. The Italians also brought the Mafia, which although in Italy enforce justice, came under the control of criminals in New York, and became known for racketeering, blackmail, and extortion.The immigrants were blamed for creating disorder and violence in the cities, and in general, were thought to be birds of passage who would use the American economy to make their fortunes, then return to their domestic land taking American dollars. The ever-growing influx of immigrants disturbed many native-born Americans who were annoyed by the newcomers appearance and way of life. They expected these people, no matter what their place of origin, to conform to Anglo-Saxon patterns of behavior and to cherish the institutions of America.These anti-immigrant, natives, sentiments, and the disgust and prejudice toward these immigrants led to the passing of immigration laws that greatly restricted the flow of immigration . The first regulative law prevented immigration of lunatics, criminals, polygamists, people with diseases, and those likely to be public charges. In August of 1882, the first national immigration law was adopted. This law put a head tax on all immigrant passengers. Law s from notes. Many American believed that these immigration restrictions were necessary to keep the New York city from deteriorating.The population living in cities of over 30,000 increased from ten percent of the total in 1860 to more than twenty-five percent of the total US population by 1900. The pressure of the tremendous inflow of immigrants quickly outstripped the great power of the New Yorks established institutions to cope with them. Already poor in the Old Country, for the most part, they arrived in America penniless and do their homes in the growing tenements of Americas major cities, like New York. The severe strain on the housing situation coupled with discriminatory practices eventually led to the creation of ghettos.Women and children were often sent to work to contribute to the survival of the family, old-world views that eventually led to wholesale exploitation of child labor. Poverty on a never-before-seen scale became the norm in Americas urban centers. Perplexed , poor, and lacking knowledge of the American lifestyle, these immigrants were used as a low-paid labor force for dirty jobs that nobody else wanted and felt the acerbity of Industrialism the most. They did not know their bosses, class animosity often divided management and labor, and their interests and wants were of little concern to the corporations.Because these people did not have the proper education, many of them remained unskilled or semi-unskilled throughout their lives. Although many could not take the work skills they needed, they gained many other things. By the early 1900s, ninety percent of those who could not speak English learned to do so in less than ten years after they arrived, and only a third was still illiterate. Despite their many hardships, the new immigrants were determined to make it in the New World.For example, the Slavs ability to take the worst jobs and stick with them enabled them to become one of the top two ethnic groups representing employees of A mericas leading industries . It was the clashing of old-world views with those of new-world ideas that forced compromises that helped to advance social and political thoughts. The cities would not have heavy(p) without people to provide cheap labor in the factories, and it was the willingness to provide a cheap source of labor and to work the most difficult and menial jobs that helped enable the United Stated to make the economic gains that she made.The temper and perseverance of the immigrants made America and industrial giant and the world economic power it is today Even though immigrants helped to make the Industrial Revolution possible they faced opposition in economics and politics. Although New York benefited from immigration they tended to regard the newcomers as competitors for their jobs. This is understandable not only because of fluctuations of the economy, which caused unemployment but because immigrants were often used as strike.The new immigrants that came to America that could read, write, speak, and understand English were lated by many political supports. Those people feared that if an immigrant were gain power in politics that they might try to incorporate their old customs and traditions in politics. Many Americans even opposed the idea of allowing immigrants the right to vote. Even after immigrants were to become Americanized, political supports fought to keep immigrants from participating in politics.

African American Politicians

During the reconstruction succession over two thousand African Americans served in federal, state, and topical anaesthetic offices. Information on these individuals is difficult to find, seeing as during this time stark rightfulnessmakers were condemned as subhuman, and in no need of documentation. Eric Foner, author of Black Politicians in the Reconstruction Era, stated that of the two thousand he and found about 1465 for his book. A great deal of the information on these men and the offices they held was obscure and incorrect. many a(prenominal) scholars had false information about the education take aim of these African American lawmakers. For example, many scholars claimed that most black delegates to the Georgia convention were illiterate, actu anyy twenty-two of these thirty-seven could read and write. This was impressive seeing as it was against the law in many states for African Americans to be taught how to read or write. The basic research on these politicians was no n done because these scholars thought they knew all they needed to know.These lawmakers were black many were ex-slaves, so they must have been ignorant, corrupt, and incompetent, this was the stereotype, yet it was non so Many of the African American leading saw fit to educate themselves. work force like John Roy Lynch, who took time off from his photographers studio to observe a colour classroom from across an alley. He continued this until he had mastered all of the classes taught there. Situations like this show the appetite and determination these men had to learn. He used this training to become speaker of the Mississippi house and subsequently a member of congress.These are only two of the many examples of African Americans who self educated themselves in a time when African Americans were banned from education. Others did have a formal education. In South Carolina, present Treasurer Francis L. Cardozo attended Glasgow and London. He was a minister in New Haven and a p romontory for the School for Blacks in Charleston. These were better credentials than some whiteness politicians had. Economically black politicians were in no way reaping the monetary rewards that Conservatives and white carpetbaggers enjoyed.While African Americans status impressive compared to other freedmen, most could not translate political power into a share of the economic growth of their states. Even prominent leaders such as Hiram Revels, who was the first the first black man to serve in the United States Senate sometimes found it necessary to take small loans from white politicians to meet every day expense. The reconstruction era was a difficult time for African American politicians. In a time when negative stereotypes where all too common, and the color of your skin determined your level of intelligence in the eyes of many.Black leaders had to work twice as hard to accomplish half as much. An extremely relevant point, and a credit to the African American politicians was the fact that there was a very small amount of vengefulness in their actions and words. They had no dreams or desires to take advantage, or become greedy with the power they were beginning to acquire. They seemed more fixated on receiving what they thought they were entitled to. Beverly Nash, a member of the South Carolina convention, asserted in his first speech, the white man is a true friend of the black man.He went on to say, I you could see the ringlet of the society that banner represents, you would see the white man and the black man standing with their arms locked together, as the type of friendship we desire. Even when some leaders such as Henry McNeal Turner, who was almost universally disliked by whites, still did what he could to assist in helping the white economy remember its economic strength. Even after all that was done to them, the black leaders held no resentment, and worked for the benefites of blacks and whites as a whole.In conclusion, there are many misco nceptions about African American leaders during the era of reconstruction. From their level of education, to the positions they held, and the lifestyles they lead. Black leaders were equally, if not more qualified than their white counter parts for political positions. regrettably they were not being compensated in the same manner as the white politicians.