Why I Should Win The University Philosophy Club Essay Contest :: Writing Jacksonville University Essays

Why I Should Win The 1997 Jacksonville University Philosophy Club Essay ContestThe Jacksonville University Philosophy Club is sponsoring its eighth annual undergraduate adjudicate contest. The best argumentative essay, from whatsoever discipline, will receive the first place prize. I will demonstrate here why you will be compelled to gift that prize to the essay that you are currently undertaking.We start this argument with the following premise, known as the Conservation of Energy. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed. This is a basis of physics, and no evidence is brought against it that refutes its certainty. If we accept it, it follows that the energy in the beingness must be finite. If we posited an illimitable amount of energy, we could not speak of conserving it. Additionally, the stuff of the cosmos cannot be infinite or w e would face the contradiction that new energy would be coming into existence from nothing ex nihilo. From this enquiry we must accept the en tailed premise that the amount of energy must be finite.The second premise of the argument is that all becoming is of necessity. Perhaps, it is easier to frame this idea inwardly a format of cause and effect. For the event, represented by the placeholder Z, to be any antithetical than it is, its cause (or causes), symbolized Y must have necessarily been different in some manner. It follows logically that for Y to be different, then X must differ. This, like the energy in the cosmos, can not amount to an infinite set of possibilities. The possible outcomes of a pair of rolled standard die are a finite number of outcomes (six to the second power). The number of possible outcomes of any finite set of probabilities must be finite (albeit perhaps incomprehensibly large). If we extrapolate the number of outcomes from the huge number of finite possibilities we do not ever, arrive at an infinite amount. Although, one odd possibility does remain. We may come upon the case where (for the sa ke of simplicity) Z causes A. The chain of causes resumes where it once before began. Subsequently, time is infinite. It extends forever toward the agone and forever into the future.We have now only to piece these premises together. Energy is a fixed quantum within the cosmos. Time proceeds through an unending serial of becoming from necessity (with acknowledged shortcomings, I may interchange the terms cause and effect).

Existence Of Man :: essays research papers

Existence of Man     For centuries man has grappled with the riddle of what it means to be aperson. scarcely the questions Who is man? and What is the meaning of life? bestill unanswered. Yet, while man is still a long way from arriving at any accordable definitions, at that place is deep within everyone the hint of an idea ofwhat it means to be a whole person, that is happy, functioning and fulfilled.So, throughout history man has made a persisting search to find out what makeshim whole. Every person is different so the special situation in which oneperson finds fulfillment cant work for everyone. besides in the lives of those whohave found fulfillment there is a universal pattern. The universal pattern isthat those who have found fulfillment have had a willingness to accept changeand take risks. Conversely, those who have not found wholeness are characterizedby an unconquerable desire to be safe, to be out of danger and to ward off risk.   &nb sp The first step in the search for identity is to answer the question, Howdo you see yourself? In the play No Exit by Jean capital of Minnesota Sartre Estelle losessight of her identity. She says "When I cant see myself, I begin to wonder ifI really and truly exist." What a man sees himself as in the mirror more often than notdetermines his actions during the day. Estelle had to look into the "mirror" ofmen to confirm her identity. A man is the number one determining factor indiscovering who he is. Each individual must(prenominal) understand that he is responsiblefor his own pain, misery, unhappiness, or for his own rejoicing. Man is not a productof what people have done or are now doing to us. Man has the power to becomewhatever he wants to be to feel as much love or anger or joy as we want to feel.An early(a) subsequent factor in determining our identity is the image, name, orlabel given to us by society. In other words, what we believe other peoplethink of us. Most people participate in many groups friends, school, family,jobs, clubs, churches and more each contributing to our identity. We have toaccept the end of the superman who is alone needing no one, inner directed andindifferent to his surroundings. We see in Dostoevskys novel Crime andPunishment that when Raskolnkov separates himself from humanity by committingmurder that he could not survive. A person needs to understand that they areresponsible for their own choices but they cannot discount the fact that there

Marcus Mosiah Garvey :: rastafarianism, reggae music

Marcus Mosiah Garvey was a powerful b deficiency revolutionary and race leader who influenced a big(p) many people in his time and continues to do so through reggae music. Many of Marcus Garveys lessons and ideals have found a voice in the lyrics of conscious reggae musicians past(a) and present. From internationally famous musicians such as Bob Marley and Burning Spear, to the music and words of The Rastafari Elders, reggae musicians have found inspiration in Marcus Garvey. For many reggae musicians, their work is just about more than music, it is a tool for teaching the masses. Peter Tosh at a concert in California told the audience the reason why he was there.Dont think I come here for entertainment. I and I come to flash lightening, earthquake, and thunder in these places of destruction and unrighteousness.2 Tosh and many musicians equivalent him are taking reggae to a higher level, one where the musicians are prophets of Garvey and Rasta. Much of the teachings of reggae are based on a Rastafarian view, as this is the religion of many of the conscious reggae musicians that preach the Garvey message. Rastafarianism owes a lot to Marcus Garvey, as he is credited as the founder. The religion was born on the wordsLook to Africa for the crowning of a Black king.3 They waited and in 1930, the prophecy was fulfilled when, Ras Tafari Mekonnen was crowned emperor of Ethiopia and took the name Haile Selassie. Working from the bible and their own interpretations of it, the Rastafarians found evidence to choke their claim and a religion was born. Marcus Garvey is considered part of the Rastafari Trinity, andis second only to Haile Selassie,4 the Rastafari God. Whether singing directly about Marcus Mosiah Garvey, or about Rastafarianism, reggae musicians are helping to permeate the teachings of this black prophet and revolutionary to millions of music listeners all over the world.Marcus Garvey was born in 1887 in the St. Anns Parish in Jamaica. He came from a larg e, poor family and due to lack of money, when he was fourteen Garvey left school and became a printers apprentice. By the age of eighteen he had become a master printer. Garvey had always been a immobile learner and when he became the foreman of a printing company in Kingston, the capital of Jamaica,he continued his education by reading extensively, taking benefit of the company library.5 However, Marcus Garveys political feelings soon got in the way when the workers went on strike in 1909.

Breaking Out and Stepping Up Essay -- Literary Analysis, I just Wanna

In the stories, I Just Wanna To Be Average, by Mike ruddiness and The Achievement of Desire, by Richard Rodrigez, a timeline of their educational progress is exposed. Both are the offspring of minimally educated immigrant parents. Whos families settled into the working-class of California. Without having their parents as scholastic role models, Rose and Rodriguez had to find their cause way through the education systems. Despite the overlook of supportive social conditions, both Rodriguez and Rose were inspired to surpass the status quo expectations environmentally bestowed upon them. Mike Rose, who wrote I Just Wanna Be Average, started his croping with a bleak future. His lower class immigrant parents hoped that sending their son to Our Lady Mercy would put him on the track to achiever and surpass all of his family members level of education. Rose pcts, No star in the family had gone to college only two of my uncles had completed high school (166). Unfortunately, Rose ende d up in the vocational program. A program that groomed students, not for college, but to better assimilate into the working-class. The vocational track is one that does not pave the way for a bright future. Its graduating class is comprised of underachievers who lack motivation and have no desire to get ahead. The same could be verbalize about Mercys staff. Rose paints a picture of his educators by mentioning, Civics was taken over by a football coach who had trouble culture the textbook aloud --and reading aloud was the centerpiece for his pedagogy (163). Surrounded by stubbornly dense students, and less then enthusiastic teachers Mike Rose seemed to not have a chance. Much like Rose did not have the support of an educated role model within his school pr... ... regulate him, Rodriguez explains, Without extraordinary determination and the great assistance of others --at home and at school -- there is little chance for success (197). Being able to take the lack of support from his family and be grateful for the roll it played in his personal quest for knowledge is something to be admired. Although coming from different backgrounds, Mike Rose and Richard Rodriguez share a similar passion and lust for knowledge. They both used inspirations and determination to break out of a mold their family history created. Even though their factor to academic success differed, the character gained from their individual experiences allowed for a change. Luckily both of these stories have a happy ending. One where both the average joe and the scholarship boy can overcome preconceived expectations and become who they want to become.

Inpatient Hospital Stays: Communication between Physicians and Patients

Effective communication between the physician and longanimous must include communication in a wrap up simple manner, communicating with family members, communicating the plan of care, communicating results of tests and procedures performed and communicating findings, good or bad, in a manner appropriate for the situation.SourcesArthur D. Fisk, et al. What factors lead to healthcare miscommunications with older diligents? Journal of Communication in Healthcare 2.2 (2009) 103-118. Health Business Elite. EBSCO. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. This article discusses the overall strike of rough-and-ready communication on the health of the elderly population. It brings out the fact that various factors influence a patients understanding and should set the tone of the physicians conversation. The goal of the study conducted in this article is to investigate how communication is impacted by four patient characteristics memory, sensation/perception, comprehension and interpersonal skills. These characteristics influence the decision-making attend that is vital in a patients response to orders given by the physician such as medication compliance. Communicating with a patient based on his or her level of understanding is important at all age levels and varies with other socio-economic factors. This article is relevant because it supports the importance of simple and clear communication to a patient or caregiver.Breaking bad news. Doctor (2007) 38-41. Health Business Elite. EBSCO. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. This article discusses how many physicians avoid telling their patient or patients family bad news. It is normal human behavior to avoid causing hurt to another therefore making it hard to character disturbing news. The article... ...study of the communication impact on patients. It identifies the importance of clear concise communication to patients by physicians for improved outcomes.Evidence gathered from the sources support the thesis that effective communication between the physician and patient must include communicating in a clear simple manner, communicating with family members, communicating the plan of care, communicating results of tests and procedures performed and communicating findings, good or bad, in a manner appropriate for the situation. An ideal solution would be to implement communication education seminars for physicians. The curriculum reading will keep the patient in mind. Making this a patient centered educational process with some role playing will uphold to enlightening physicians on the importance of improved communications with the patients they care for.

Inpatient Hospital Stays: Communication between Physicians and Patients

Effective communication between the physician and patient must take communicating in a clear simple way, communicating with family members, communicating the plan of care, communicating results of tests and procedures performed and communicating findings, good or bad, in a manner appropriate for the situation.SourcesArthur D. Fisk, et al. What factors lead to healthcare mis intercourses with older patients? Journal of Communication in Healthcare 2.2 (2009) 103-118. Health Business Elite. EBSCO. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. This article discusses the overall impact of impressive communication on the health of the elderly population. It brings out the fact that various factors influence a patients understanding and should set the tone of the physicians conversation. The finale of the study conducted in this article is to investigate how communication is impacted by four patient characteristics memory, sensation/perception, comprehension and interpersonal skills. These characteristics inf luence the decision-making process that is bouncy in a patients response to orders given by the physician such as medication compliance. Communicating with a patient ground on his or her level of understanding is important at all age levels and varies with other socio-economic factors. This article is relevant because it supports the importance of simple and clear communication to a patient or caregiver.Breaking bad news. Doctor (2007) 38-41. Health Business Elite. EBSCO. Web. 16 Mar. 2011. This article discusses how many physicians avoid telling their patient or patients family bad news. It is normal human behavior to avoid causing hurt to another therefore making it hard to share impress news. The article... ...study of the communication impact on patients. It identifies the importance of clear concise communication to patients by physicians for improved outcomes.Evidence gathered from the sources support the thesis that effective communication between the physician and pat ient must include communicating in a clear simple manner, communicating with family members, communicating the plan of care, communicating results of tests and procedures performed and communicating findings, good or bad, in a manner appropriate for the situation. An ideal solution would be to implement communication education seminars for physicians. The curriculum development exit keep the patient in mind. Making this a patient centered educational process with some role playing will help to teach physicians on the importance of improved communications with the patients they care for.

Functionalism in Education

? Having attended everyday schools throughout my childhood and adolescence, I never was familiar with the term functionalism and its many elements. after observing and analyzing my field placement schoolroom I have come to understand the concept of functionalism to some extent. In general, functionalists see schools as serving to socialise students to adapt to the economic, political, and social institutions of that society (Feinberg, p. 6, 2004).They likewise theorize that in order for societies to survive, they must carry out vital functions such as, attaining fundamental knowledge and acquiring essential skills and proficiency, acknowledging certain norms and values within their community, and recognizing authority figures. It is also believed that social solidarity and role variediation argon the primary aspirations for a society and is achieved by office of the educational system. I can recall instances from my schooling experience, where functionalist aspects were taught and are presently being utilized in the classroom I observed.Some of the various features of functionalism that I identified within the classroom are hidden curriculum, role differentiation and specificity, which I will be addressing, more in depth throughout this paper. The classroom I analyzed from Smith Junior High consists of six finical education students between the ages of 13 to 17. A majority of the students are racially diverse and come from a low income household. These students are classified as moderately mentally disabled and each have an IEP, which include their present level of pedantic achievement and functional performance.The setting of the classroom is comprised of a structured yet uncomplicated curriculum, where their teacher Angi Root, incorporates practical and efficient learning strategies. The entire curriculum is found upon the concept of functioning in every day situations so I was able to identify numerous functional activities. My first observation of the class was on January, 29th at 12pm in the afternoon. The students were just arriving back in the room from lunch and were instead boisterous because I was in the room. As soon as their teacher, Mrs. Root asked them to settle down, they instantly became silent.This is an example of an unspoken expectation of the teacher and is one of many hidden curriculums that I witnessed in the classroom. Another instance was during affirmation Mrs. Root had asked a question pertaining to shapes and who ever knew the answer, demonstrated this particular hidden curriculum by raising their hand. The functionalist concept, hidden curriculum, is best defined as organisational features and routines of school life that provide the structure needed to develop the psychological dispositions appropriate for work and citizenship in industrial society (Feinberg, p. 1, 2004). It is intended to assist in achieving norms, learning ones position in society, and how to think of oneself. Hidden curriculum h as also been explained as making the transition from family to the real world little difficult. This concept applies to the examples I gave because when the teacher asked the students to settle down, they instantly knew that they needed to follow directions. The idea that teachers are authority figures and deserve to be respected is instilled in children at a very young age and is expected to be upheld.As for students raising their hands when wanting to speak or answer a question, this has also been implanted in childrens minds and is a norm in todays society. I conducted my second observation the following week on Monday, February 2nd, in the morning at 9am. The students had just barely arrived to school and it was the first day back after the weekend. Mrs. Root began the day by allowing the kids to choose their designated job o the week. The six jobs the students can select from are line leader, door holder, paper passer, sharpening pencils, turning the lights on/off, and errand runner.The kids get so excited about choosing their job or role for the week. This motivates them and makes them want to become more efficient and responsible. Functionalists dispute over the fact that all members within a society are compelled to perform different tasks. The concept of role differentiation is found in almost all communities and guarantees that even the most unpleasant jobs are completed. The process of selecting and fulfilling a classroom righteousness helps students form a personal identity of themselves. Role differentiation facilitates individuals to gain a sense of belonging in their society and helps bring in their character.It also assists them in learning responsibility which they can apply to every day life. My final observation took place on Tuesday, February 3rd, at 230pm. I was able to observe the teacher, Mrs. Root, enact the norm of specificity. One of the students, a girl named Shelby, is required to wear leg braces because she has a difficult time manner of walking. When walking to Adapted P. E, we had to travel up stairs, which proved to challenging for Shelby. So she wouldnt trip and fall, Mrs. Root helped Shelby maneuver up the steps until she was safely at he top. Another student named Marcus asked why we didnt help him up the steps.Mrs. Root answered, saying that Shelby has a harder time getting up the stairs then he does. While Marcus can easily run up and down the steps twenty times, Shelby can barely make it up once with assistance. Specificity refers to the treatment of a person in terms of some standardized basis of comparison (Feinberg, p. 19, 2004). Universalism, which is equal treatment of individuals, is quite the opposite of the term specificity, permitting exceptions to be made for special circumstances. In lieu of the observations I made, Mrs. Root used her judgment on how to handle the situation of fairness.Instead of requiring the same treatment for all her students, certain exceptions are made for individ uals with specific needs and disabilities. Overall, I was surprised to discover exactly how many differential functionalist aspects were actually utilized in the classroom I observed. Analyzing the roles and behaviors of the students and teacher, I now feel I have a greater grasp on the functionalist concepts. As for my view on functionalism, I am a second base concerned with the increasing diversity of school populations and the effect this is having on teaching functionalism in schools.At Smith Junior High, where I conducted my observations, curriculum mapping, which is quite the opposite of functionalist ideals, was being used by most of the teachers. There are many challenges that must be dealt with, in regards to this, because of the No Child Left butt Act. I am not in opposition to the cohesion of different ethnic groups but am worried about the direction public schools are taking. I sense that the main functionalist approaches taught in public schools may become phased out, which in turn, will be extremely detrimental for the society as a whole.

Northern Mariana Islands and Guam History

Guam History A Review of the Is institutes Unique History VincentAnthony V. Borja English 135 Professor Rosemary Harty April 21, 2011 Over the past 10 years, hit-or-miss people would ask me about(predicate) the history of Guam, and how it became a United States territory. Grew up most of my life on Guam, but never really cared about its history, although, all(prenominal) year we would celebrate its liberation day from the lacquerese and celebrate festive holidays signifi stomacht to the islands history, I never really understood why we celebrated it. The Spanish Era, the American Period, & the Japanese line of work played a major influence on the island and its refinement instantly.The island of Guam, Guahan in native Chamorro, is a truly multi-ethnic fraternity that reflects the cultures of its original Chamorro inhabitants as early as 2,000 B. C. , influenced by countless European, American, Asian, Micronesian, and separate people who have occupied, visited and immigrated to Guam since the 16th Century. Many question the discovery by the Spaniards, the occupation of the Americans and the Japanese that shaped the islands history that makes its culture very fascinating. Understanding the islands struggles that have lead to the American status that it eventually became after many centuries of fighting.Guam of today is truly a mixed community with a distinctive culture, the foundation of which is ancient Chamorro heavily influenced by the Spanish occupation and the Catholic Church. Strong American influence is also unequivocal in the celebration of many public holidays, the form of Government and the pride in being U. S. that is displayed by the natives. Guams culture has also been influenced and enriched by the Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Chinese and Micronesian immigrants each group of who have added their unique contributions.According to the 2000 Census of Population and Housing the present population of Guam, is approximately 154,805 whom roughly 3 7% are Chamorro, 26% Filipino, 11% other Pacific Islander with the remaining 26% primarily Caucasian, Chinese, Korean and Japanese, all of whom bring their cultural heritage and customs duty and contribute to Guams unique culture and appeal. (U. S. Department of Commerce, 2004) SPANISH ERA According to the journals of Antonio Pigafetta, whom was an Italian scholar and traveler form the republic of Venice.Pigafetta travelled with Portuguese venturer Ferdinand Magellan and recorded most of Magellans travels. Ferdinand Magellan on March 6, 1521, premiere discover the island. (Pigafetta, 1995, p. 18) During his stop on the island, the natives canoed out to the ships and stole everything that was not secured or secure down. The weakened sailors had trouble fending impinge on the tall and robust natives until a few shots from theTrinidads big guns frightened them off the ship and they retreated into the surrounding jungle. The innovation of Magellans visit was to restock on supplies and find food.After Magellans travel throughout the Marianas, it was primarily his experience on Guam that the Marianas was named Li Ladroni, the island of thieves. (Suarez, 1999, p. 133) Although Magellan was considered the first European explorer to step foot on Guams beaches, it was known that Guam and the other Mariana islands were formally claimed by the Spanish Crown in 1565 by General Miguel Lopez de Legazpi for Spain. King Phillip II of Spain wanted trade to begin with the Phillipine islands, islands named after him. Legazpi was sent across the pacific from Mexico, which was a colony of Spain in 1564.During Legazpis sail across the pacific, King Phillip ordered him to restrain possession of all land and any island encountered. Additionally, he wanted Legazpi to find a route between Mexico and the Philllipines that would go through the pacific. Legazpi and his fleet reached Guam on January 22, 1565 and docked his ships for quartette days. After days of waiting, they finall y went on shore on January 26, 1565 to claim Guam and posted the Spain flag. (Cunningham Beaty, 2001) Legazpi and his men stayed on Guam for eleven days.During this visit, Legazpi was so afraid of upsetting the Chamorros that he ordered all crew members not to go on shore without his permission. The Chamorros were a good deal friendlier, canoeing out to greet the voyagers with food and supplies, a much different experience the Spanish explorers had remembered during their last Guam visit. Clever and sly, the Chamorros were always trying to trade rice for nails. Frequently the natives would fool the voyagers by placing rice in the top of the bag and filling the bottom with rocks and straw.When the men went ashore to fill the kegs with water, an altercation took place, and one of Legazpis men was killed. Legazpi was upset and ordered a coulomb men to go to the island and punish the Chamorros. The result was three Chamorros hung and killed and many houses and canoes burned. Followin g the incident Legazpi declared anchors to be lifted and the Spaniards journeyed for the Philllipines. (Rogers, 1995, p. 14) Catholocism was the first religion introduced on the island during the 1600s.The major influence and main support came from one of the main leaders on the island during that time. school principal Quipuha was the magalahi or highest-ranking male, in the area of Hagatna when the Spanish landed off its shores in 1668. On June 15, 1668 missionaries led by Spanish Jesuit Padre Diego Luis de San Vitores of Burgos, of Spain, whom landed off the shores of Hagatna. They were greeted and welcomed by Chief Quipuha, the name Ke puha or Quipuha means, to uphold. Chief Quipuha was so welcoming to these missionaries he even offered a plot of land in Hagatna for the mission. Political Status Education Coordinating Commission, 1995) It was on this offered land where the first Catholic Church in Guam was built and Catholicism was introduced. Chief Quipuha died in 1669, but hi s legacy left a tremendous impact that allowed the Spanish to ride out its legacy for the Manila Galleon trade, which was the exchange of goods between Asia and Mexico. (nautical Station Guam) About a century later, In April of 1672, Padre Diego Luis de San Vitores and his Filipino assistant were killed by Chief Mata knife thrust of Tumon for baptizing the Chiefs baby girl without the Chiefs consent. (Rogers, 1995, p. 5) It is theorized, that Mata pang may have acted out of frustration from being compelled to the harsh rule of a foreign Spanish king. Whereas San Vitores tried to carry out his mission in a peaceful manner, the Spanish military ruthlessly governed the local populace to comfort their Galleon routes. Regardless of Mata pangs motives, the death of San Vitores lead to an all-out war that nearly resulted in extinction of the Chamorro race. Sources have estimated Chamorro casualties to the fighting and disease reduced the population from 200,000 to roughly 5,000 by 1741, mostly women and children.The Spaniards imported Spanish soldiers and Filipinos to restock the population, marking the end of the pure Chamorro bloodline. (Rogers, 1995, pp. 41-57) After 1695, Chamorros were forced to settle in fivesome villages Hagatna, Agat, Umatac, Pago, and Fena, were monitored by the priests and military garrison, forced to attend Church daily and to learn Spanish language and customs. In 1740, Chamorros of the Northern Marianas Islands, except Rota, were removed from their al-Qaida islands and exiled to Guam.Mata pang himself was killed in a final battle on the island of Rota in 1680. Having been vilified for the incident that sparked the decimation of the pure Chamorro race, the name Mata pang has evolved to mean silly. (Donald L. Platt, 2009) During the 18th century, the English pirates who visited Guam to exhaust on supplies and provisions preyed upon the Spanish galleons. Guam was a host to a number of scientists, voyagers, and whalers from Russia, Fra nce, and England some of whom provided detailed accounts of the daily life on Guam under Spanish rule.Evidence of Spanish buildings, bridges, churches and forts can still be seen across the island, especially in the southern areas of the island. Spanish cannon still overlooks Hagatna and Umatac bays from Forts Agueda and Soledad, the Plaza de Espana, once the Spanish Governors Palace, still stands in central Hagatna, and sunken Spanish galleons still lie under Guams crystal clear waters. The architecture and design of structures build farsighted after the Spanish era, such as the bridge in Umatac, which still has distinct Spanish quality. (Donald L.Platt, 2009) AMERICAN PERIOD During the Spanish-American war Guam was ceded to the United States by the agreement of Paris, which ended the Spanish American war in 1898 and Guam was formally purchased from Spain for $20 million in 1899. At the time of the turnover, the local population of Guam had grown to about 10,000 inhabitants. U. S . President William McKinley issued an executive order placing Guam within the administration of the Department of the Navy. Captain R. P. Leary was appointed the islands first U. S. Governor. (Rogers, 1995, p. 14) Under Navy administration, Guam experienced many improvements in the areas of agriculture, public health, sanitation, education, land management, taxes, and public works. Orders issued by Captain Leary on August 16, 1899, regulated the importation and sale of intoxicating liquors regulated the celebration of church and other holidays prohibited the transfer of land without the consent of the government prohibited concubine and required that marriage be performed between persons that were cohabiting prohibited exportation of certain articles in common use among he people required persons without a trade or regular employment to pant contract commodities and keep certain withstand stock regulated the keeping of dogs and other animals running at large abrogated the Spanish system of taxation and provided a mod one established a public system of nonsectarian education and required each adult to learn to write his or her own name within a specified time. (Rogers, 1995, p. 119) In 1927, the people of Guam, including schoolchildren who donated a penny each, collected $703. 92 to have a ships bell and a commemorative plaque fabricate in Shanghai, China.The bell was presented to the Navy and has served distinctively on each of the three USS Guam Naval vessels. (Palomo, 1999)The U. S. Navy continued to use Guam as a refueling and communicating station until 1941, when it fell to invading Japanese forces shortly after the attack on Pearl Harbor. The bell, along with a commemorative bronze plaque, has been returned to Guam after the decommissioning of the USS Guam, an amphibian assault ship (LPH-9), on August 25, 1998 at the Norfolk, Virginia, Naval Base. The USS Guam is the third Navy vessel named after Guam. (Palomo, 1999)JAPANESE OCCUPATION On December 10, 1941, Guam surrendered to the Japanese federation Seas detachment after a valiant defensive struggle by the islands Insular Force Guard and a limited number of U. S. Marines. Guam became the alone populated U. S. soil to be occupied by another country in World fight II. Guam was renamed Omiya Jima and for 31 months, the people of Guam were forcibly subjected to intolerable hardships administered by the Japanese military. Although some measure of religious practice and business activities were permitted, atrocities, grenade slaughters and rapes were common.The 29th Division of Japans Kwantung Army established concentration camps and approximately 600 Chamorros were executed. (Rogers, 1995, pp. 163-181) Some Chamorros were beheaded when the Japanese learned of the 3-year humanitarian effort by Chamorros to successfully feed and hide U. S. Navy radioman George Tweed, who escaped in the initial invasion. Tweeds cave is a popular boonie stomping destination on Guam today. (Babuat a, 2009) Many landmarks of the Japanese occupation, including gun emplacements and tunnels can still be seen around the island of Guam. LIBERATION AND U. S. TERRITORIAL STATUSRecord tonnage of naval bombardment in which thousands of Japanese and Chamorros marked the campaign for the liberation of Guam muzzy their lives and the city of Hagatna was nearly destroyed. American forces landed on July 21, 1944 at Asan and Agat beaches. In honor of the bravery and sacrifices of all those who participated in the Pacific Theater of World War II, including soldiers, sailors and marines of the United States, Japan, Australia, Canada, China, France, Great Britain, impertinent Zealand, the Netherlands, and the Soviet Union, the landing area has been designated as the War in the Pacific National Historic Park. During the following bitter three week campaign, 7,000 U. S. and 11,000 Japanese lives were lost before Guam was reclaimed and once again under American administration. (Aguon, 2009) Toda y, July 21st, Guam Liberation Day, is a major Guam holiday. All government offices and most businesses are closed as the island celebrates with daylong fiestas and a parade down Marine Corps drive in Hagatna. Because of its strategic position, Guam was used as a command post for U. S. westward Pacific operations until the War came to an end in 1945. On May 30, 1946, the U. S. Naval Government was re-established.Although concluded over 50 years ago, World War II still exerts a major influence on Guam. Relics and evidence of the War are still evident all across the island and divers can survey wrecks of Japanese, American, German and other ships and airplanes under Guams warm clear waters. On January 24, 1972, the last Japanese World War II holdout, Sergeant Shoichi Yokoi, was discovered in the cave in which he had been hiding since his unit was scattered by the advancing Americans in July 1944. Sergeant Yokois cave at Talofofo falls has been preserved as a popular attraction for v isitors. (Aguon, 2009) As the Westernmost U.S. soil in the Pacific, Guam today remains a strategic outpost for the U. S. military. In 1949, U. S. President Harry S. Truman signed the Organic twist making Guam an unincorporated territory of the United States with limited self-governing authority and granting American citizenship to the people of Guam. In 1962, security clearance requirement for travel to Guam, which had been in place since World War II, were lifted permitting Guams economy to flourish and opening an influx of new residents of diverse nationalities and races such as Filipino, Japanese, Korean, Chinese, Indian, Pacific Islanders nd Caucasian. (Rogers, 1995) CULTURE The core of Guam culture, the Chamorro, is characterized by a complex social protocol centered upon respect, caring, accepting and parcel one another. Inafamaolek, or interdependence, is a central value in Chamorro culture that depends on a spirit of cooperation. Historian Lawrence Cunningham in 1992 wrote , In a Chamorro sense, the land and its produce belong to everyone. This is the armature, or core, that everything in Chamorro culture revolves around. It is a powerful concern for mutuality rather than individualism and private property rights. The culture is visibly manifested in the kissing of the hands of elders, passing of legends, music, dance, chants, courtship rituals, handicrafts, burial rituals, preparation of herbal medicines, and requesting forgiveness from spiritual ancestors when entering a jungle. Glimpses of Guam culture are evident in local legends and folklore such as the taotaomona (ancient spirits), doomed lovers leaping to their death off Two Lovers Point (Puntan Dos Amentes), and Sirena, a comely young girl who became a mermaid. Guam Society and Culture Complete Report, 2010) The Spanish occupation was based on conquest and conversion to save the heathen souls, utilise by force, which nearly resulted in the total extermination of the pure Chamorro race. Howev er, the Spanish failed to recognize that the Chamorro culture was matrilineal and largely ignored the influence of the Chamorro women, which likely accounts for the fact that the Chamorro culture has endured to this day. The greatest influence of the Spanish over Guams culture was through the Catholic Church, which has, since the 17th century, been the center of village activity.Today, every village has its jockstrap saint whose feast day is celebrated with an elaborate fiesta, to which the entire island is invited. These fiestas, whereupon by duty, extended families contribute food and work to cook for the village guests remain a key attribute of the culture of Guam till this day. Chamorro society emphasizes respect for the elderly. The practice ofmanngingi (to smell) entails sniffing the right hand of an elderly person to express ones deep regard. in the lead colonial rule, Chamorros recognized the power and authority of clan elders.Informal positions of authority were granted to elders who commanded the respect of their clan members. Elders could pool the labor and material resources of their clans in time of need. (Guam Society and Culture Complete Report, 2010) Today thousands of tourist visit the island to experience a blend of Spanish, Micronesian, Asian and western influences that have inhabited Guam for the past three hundred years. The experience of the islands history and living traditions when you visit historic sites or by sampling some of the islands delicious food.In conclusion, because Guam is the because island in the pacific, and a strategic point in the pacific, it is a valuable territory that will always be secured by America and very much appreciated. Although, the natives appreciate the Americas presence and Guams current political status on the island, they are still fighting for a lot of the original land to be returned to original landowners. The natives endured many struggles from Spain and Japan in order for the island to be wha t it is today.The diverse influence that started from the Spanish era, the Japanese occupation, and then the liberation from the Americans is what makes the Chamorro culture very unique. The new generation is fighting to preserve what is left of the islands history, and many organizations are working to promote the culture through song and music. References Aguon, Katherine, PhD and Palomo, Tony. WWII From Occupation to Liberation, referenced April 12, 2011, 2009 Guampedia, URL http//guampedia. com/wwii-from-occupation-to-liberation/ Babauta, Leo. George Tweed, referenced April 11, 2011, 2009 Guampedia, URL http//guampedia. om/george-tweed/ Ballendorf, Dirk & Foster, Sophie. Guam. (2011). In Encyclop? dia Britannica. Retrieved from http//www. britannica. com/EBchecked/topic/247691/Guam Coomans, Fr. Peter. (1997). History of the Mission in the Mariana Islands 1667 1673. Occasional Historical Papers Series No. 4. Translated and edited by Rodrigue Levesque. Saipan, CMDivision of Histor ic rescue Cunningham, Lawrence J. Beaty, Janice J. 2001 A History of Guam. Hagatna, GU Bess Press Guam Society and Culture Complete Report. World Trade Press Date Published 2010 LC Call Number DU647 ISBN 9781607804727 Naval Station Guam.Chief Quipuha (Ke puha) Statue. Retrieved April 09,2011 from http//ns. gov. gu/quipua. html Palomo, Antonio. The Guam Bell. Referenced April 14, 2011. 1999 Guam. org, URL http//guam. org. gu/guambell/ Rogers, Robert F. (1995). Destinys Landfall A History of Guam. Honolulu, HI University of Hawaii Press. Under the Organic Act 1950-1970 224-232 Smith, J. (2004). Martin Luther. In L. McDonald (ed. ), Encyclopedia of science and religion. Babson Press. Retrieved November 20, 2003, from http//www. scireligion. com/ml Suarez, Thomas (1999). Early Mapping of Southeast Asia. Singapore Periplus Editions (HK) Ltd.

Anthem vs. Hunger Games Essay

In todays society, a lot of people tend to take for granted what they create. Every once and a while, approximatelything drastic tout ensembleow for ensue them, and thats when they finally grasp whats been properly in front of them the whole time. In many different societies, for case the societies in The Hunger Games, and Anthem, the individuals that ar living there atomic number 18 forced to listen to the ruler, or rulers, do not have an opinion in some of the choices that are made for them, and are also forced to accept the rule of selflessness. Based on the themes of the Power of cognition, the Image of Self, and the Consequences of Free ordaining, the novella, Anthem, and the film, The Hunger Games express similarities and differences regarding the dangers of a Totalitarian government and its effect on its citizens in order to teach the reader to be blessed that they have a democracy and that the individuals of the United States have it really easy compared to other co untries, and even societies in books or movies.The Power of Knowledge is the result of having or not having bonkledge. Being knowledgeable is not mediocre one quality, but is many and a process of learning, experiencing, knowing and understanding. In the book Anthem Equality 7-2521states, But we must never speak of the propagation before the Great Rebirth, else we are sentenced to three years in the Palace of Corrective Detention (Rand 19). This quote from Anthem is an important example of the Power of Knowledge because what Equality is saying is that every person in his town has the knowledge of what happened before the Great Rebirth, they tho choose not to bring it up because they are petrified of what their punishments will be.However, an example of the Power of Knowledge from The Hunger Games is when Katniss recognizes the weakness of Seneca Crane, which is not having a winner of this years game, and uses that to her best advantage to force Seneca to allow both her and Peet a win. This is important because if Katniss had not realized that doing so was his weakness, she and Peeta would have both had to kill themselves because theydid not want to live without each other. In conclusion to these twain different pieces of evidence, they are also able to be compared by noticing the facts that if both these characters did not take into account the opinions or beliefs of others, there would never be a way to be different, or a way out.Image of self is the way one views his or herself, the ability to know our own flaws, strengths, bad habits and limits. When feel starts to get rigid, most people lose hope in themselves because they feel as if they are not sturdy enough to stand anymore. In a lot of books, or even movies, this is a major problem that most characters face. In this case, from Anthem, the teachers always pointed out the flaws in Equality 7-2521, There is evil in your bones, Equality 7-2521, for your body has grown beyond the bodies of your brothe rs (18). This quote would be essential to the topic of Image of Self, because Equality already knew that he had all these different qualities, and knew that he was diverse from his brothers, yet he tried to remain the same by ignoring them.However in The Hunger Games, Katniss only sees the flaws that are in her, and chooses to ignore the want that everyone is saying to her. When life puts individuals in the situation that Katniss and Peeta are in in the film, it is important to deposit all the negatives away and to only focus on the positives, no matter how hard they may be to see. This is a contrast between the novella and the film because in Anthem Equality knows that he is different, but just ignores the fact that he can do nothing about it, but in The Hunger Games, Katniss does not let anyone try to make her better because she believes she will never be right, or in a way better than the other characters. Although the quotes are contrasting, the similarity in them is the fact t hat Equality and Katniss both know they are different than the rest, yet overcome them in some sort of way.The last theme being focused on is Consequences of Free Will. Consequences of Free Will means a person innate ability to make decisions with his or herself. I n a dictatorship, or the governments in Anthem and The Hunger Games, individuals are owned by the group, and they also have no right to lead his or her own life. This is known as collectivism. In todays society,making decisions for someones own good is very hard because everyone is trying to impress others. For example, in Anthem Equality states It is a sin to think rowing no others think and to put them down upon a paper no others are to see (17). The importance of this quote to the Consequences of Free will is that Equality is not able to express his own way of living because it is illegal to express his own being.In The Hunger Games, something that readers would learn regarding the Consequences of Free Will would be t he root word that the tributes did not really know who to trust, and when, because they did not know when that person would turn against them. Similarly, these two pieces of information would go to together by both dealing with the paper of being able to show a persons own true colors. In addition to them being similar, they would differentiate by the thought of trust, and expression. In Anthem, we as readers are seeing the idea of expression, but in The Hunger Games, we are watching how others are displace their trust into some, and how they are also putting up walls to others.Although these two societies are supposed to be completely different from the one that exists today, in some ways they could be seen as having the same absolute effect on the citizens. In our government, citizens have numerous more rights than other countries can even think of having, yet all of us choose to all try to be the same. Why is that? Why do individuals all strive to have the same hair, or wear t he same clothes? Everyone should embrace our right to be dissimilar, and show the world that each and every one of us are not afraid to be ourselves, because there is no punishment that will be rewarded to us in long run.

History of Christianity Within the Roman Empire

History of Christianity Within the papistic Empire Religion, one of the most important and controversial topics of all times, but where on the nose did it come from? What obstacle did it have to go through to be come know? Who made it known? These are a few questions that are oftentimes asked but not always answered. There are many religions known today but in this paper I will focus on only one, Christianity. I will discuss the events, hardships and some of the important people that are valuable to make up this history of this now popular religion, in a very popular place, Rome.Like almost successful thing its starts out a little rocky but finally comes out of top. Christianity was like no other religion the Roman empire had ever seen before. It challenged all its values and morals in every way possible and because of that was not a electropositive thing to be. Rome looked at anyone in the religion as an enemy of Rome and was a criminal who should be put to death if pronounced t hemselves a Christian. It all started around the year 30C. E. with one man named Jesus Christ from Galilee.When he was around 30 he spoke about a realm in heaven and not on Earth, conservatives called him a false profit who undermined the Jewish religion, by calling himself the son of God. Jesus went to the land to mobilise his elementary teachings that were based upon to love God and one another, to care for each other and help those in need. The Roman saw him as revolutionary and decided to confirm a close watch over him, scared that he might would cause a problem due to his much(prenominal) large base of followers. It wasnt unyielding until the Sadducees, who had control over Judea where Jesus did most of his teachings, couldt take much to a greater extent.The fear of Jesus and his followers spring uping into a revolt against them, lead the Sadducees to turn to the Romans for help to get him out and take away the threat he may propose. They ask the Romans to arrest Jesus C hrist and execute him because he was committing blasphemy, apothegm he was the son of God and that was prohibited. Since they couldnt condemn anyone to death, they wanted the Romans to do it from them because they on the other hand could and so they did. Jesus was arrested on Holy Thursday and had he trial the next day on Friday.Pontius Pilate, the Roman governor was over his trial and even though Pilate did not agree with the Sadducees on the execution of Jesus, he still with through with it. When he announces the execution of Jesus Christ to the public he lets them know as well that this was not his company and has nothing to do with it but what hes doing is simply carrying out what the Sadducees wanted to be done. Executing someone because of their religion couldnt be done so in order for it to be done they executed him under insurrection and labeled him enemy of the state.His death began the rise of Christianity all around the land including with in the Roman Empire. other im portant person in the spread of Christianity was Saul of Tauses, who later became Paul when he became a Christian. His played a great role in discourse the gospel, planting churches and establishing Christianity through out the land and around the Mediterranean Basin. He was naturally a Roman citizen and for a long time was against Christians helping in the prosecution of the church of God and cooperating in the killing of early Christians.Paul reached out to everyone including the Gentiles who were not of Jewish decent, trying to inform them of his new found religion and beliefs. later the end of his third missionary journey he was arrested and brought to Rome to have trial for his alleged crime. For two years he waited for his trial and during that time he preached from his home about the gospel but not too long after it was said that he was beheaded in Rome under the hulk of Nero. At this time Christianity began to spread through Rome like a wild fire. The summer after the dea ths of Jesus Christ and St.Paul Christianity began to become even more than popular amongst the poorer people in Rome in 64. That year Rome had a horrible fire that lasted six days, destroying most of the city. It was rumored that the emperor of the time Nero, was to be blamed for the fire. That he did it for his own personal amusement. To take the focus and blame off of him, he placed the accusations on the Christians saying they started the fire and was to blame. This event in start of many horrific deaths of Christians, having them tortured, and treating them being killed as a sport all for the pleasure of Nero and the Roman citizens.This lasted for about the next 100 years or so and throughout this time many Christian churches were destroyed, meetings held for Christians were forbidden and those who refused to follow the rules lost their legal rights. The Romans believed that Christianity was to be disturbing a mans mind in such a way that he is really going insane and causing him to loose humanity. After years and years of Negativity and Hostility by the Roman empire things finally started to turn around with the emperor Constantine and his new enforced reform.Before the skirmish of Milvan, Constantine saw the Christian symbol and put it all over him and his armies battle gear and because they win the battle he in 313 he makes the Edict of Milan. The Edict of Milan legalized Christian worship by removing all discriminating legislation against them from the decree book and making the church to be recognized by civil authorities. Constantine officially stared the acceptance of Christianity in the Rome and even after his death the spread and acceptance of Christianity didnt stop.Once the church obtained its freedom, it became more structured and stable within itself. Around 323 Christianity was made the official religion of Rome and by the end of the poop century, the majority of the Roman citizens had converted over to the religion. Christianity played a huge role in Roman history and there are many more influential people and events that took place during this time. Although the rode for Christianity to be come accepted was long and rough, that helped make put its making history like it did. It has become one of the biggest religions known today.

Art Critique

Patricia Gelin I. DoctoleroMarch 6, 2013 E-1R Mater Dolorosa By Simon Dela Rosa Flores (Critique Paper) The artwork entitled Mater Dolorosa that is painted using oil by Simon Dela Rosa Flores on a break down (104 x 73. 5 cm). Simon Flores is known for his religious flicks that were commissioned by wealthy families and parish churches. The date of the characterization when it was created was not known. I. INTERPRETATION When I commencement exercise apothegm the icon, I thought of a stimulate thinking about her intelligence/daughter.The sm completely fryren behind the engender and staring at her were her guardian angels that help, comfort and exact her to pray for her son/daughter. I think that the son/daughter has been a problem to his/her mother and has been gone for a long time. As a result, she has been hold for him/her to come buns to her c atomic number 18 and she has been grieving, longing for them to be with her. The guardian angels are staying by the side of mothe r to be calm and tell her trust divinity to do the eternal sleep for her. The painting gives a feeling to me that are serene and worrisome, but full of hope and trust in God that He go away help her to sustain back her child.Also read thisCritique of Stuff Is Not SalvationIn a way, I can likewise remember my own mother in the painting that always takes care of me and is always worried whenever I am not by her side. I chose this artwork because of all, I value some my family and God. This painting gives it all to me and reflects true emotions that a mother must feel whenever she is sad, longing for her child to come back to her. Many stories can be associated with this painting. some other story that I can also relate to the painting is the mothers child has been dead and still the mother cannot accept the fact that her child was already gone.II. query PART ( artistic productionwork Interpretation by Artist) The interpretation of Simon Dela Rosa Flores of his artwork entitle d Mater Dolorosa was really what the painting wants to tell the viewers. He tell that it was his own reading of grieving mother with long wavy hair against a puritanical blue and white tunic that symbolizes the emotions that the mother feels like sad and anxious. The hands of the mother were clasped close to her heart to reflect grief. Her facial expressions were very passive and troubled.The children that are behind the mother were cherubs that are guiding the mother in times of he sorrow. III. ELEMENTS OF ART USED The elements of art that were used by Simon dela Rosa Flores were color and value. The colors that were used, symbolized the emotions and feelings that was felt by the mother in the painting like the dark blue for sorrow and the white tunic for hope and also for faith in God. The cherubs color depicts guidance and also descend from them. Value is also used in a way that the painting has its cultural value especially for Filipinos.It is also because of the deep meanin g behind the painting of the grieving mother. IV. SOCIO-HISTORICAL stage setting ON ART AND SOCIETY Simon dela Rosa Flores is known in his time in devoting his art to religious views, wealthy and famous batch. He likes making portraits of people and most of his paintings includes use of oil in a canvas. One of his religious paintings is the Mater Dolorosa which is close to his mother and child and San Roque but sort of of the child on that point where cherubs. Mater Dolorosa means grieving mother in Spanish.Many versions of this painting were done specially on the Spanish times. Hs painting started in the nineteenth century where the illustrados saw the rise of art of painting. The illustrados contracted painters to make portrait of themselves to document and for others to see their new found wealth and social status. One of the painters who are appointed is no other than Simon Flores. He painted jewelry, fashion accessories, minuet details of embroidered clothes and religious p atrons. From there, he started painting religious figures and even rich families became his focus.Art CritiquePatricia Gelin I. DoctoleroMarch 6, 2013 E-1R Mater Dolorosa By Simon Dela Rosa Flores (Critique Paper) The artwork entitled Mater Dolorosa that is painted using oil by Simon Dela Rosa Flores on a canvas (104 x 73. 5 cm). Simon Flores is known for his religious paintings that were commissioned by wealthy families and parish churches. The date of the painting when it was created was not known. I. INTERPRETATION When I first saw the painting, I thought of a mother thinking about her son/daughter.The children behind the mother and staring at her were her guardian angels that help, comfort and guide her to pray for her son/daughter. I think that the son/daughter has been a problem to his/her mother and has been gone for a long time. As a result, she has been waiting for him/her to come back to her care and she has been grieving, longing for them to be with her. The guardian ange ls are staying by the side of mother to be calm and tell her trust God to do the rest for her. The painting gives a feeling to me that are serene and sad, but full of hope and trust in God that He will help her to bring back her child.Also read thisCritique of Stuff Is Not SalvationIn a way, I can also remember my own mother in the painting that always takes care of me and is always worried whenever I am not by her side. I chose this artwork because of all, I value most my family and God. This painting gives it all to me and reflects true emotions that a mother must feel whenever she is sad, longing for her child to come back to her. Many stories can be associated with this painting. Another story that I can also relate to the painting is the mothers child has been dead and still the mother cannot accept the fact that her child was already gone.II. RESEARCH PART (Artwork Interpretation by Artist) The interpretation of Simon Dela Rosa Flores of his artwork entitled Mater Dolorosa was really what the painting wants to tell the viewers. He said that it was his own version of grieving mother with long wavy hair against a dark blue and white tunic that symbolizes the emotions that the mother feels like sad and anxious. The hands of the mother were clasped close to her heart to reflect grief. Her facial expressions were very passive and troubled.The children that are behind the mother were cherubs that are guiding the mother in times of he sorrow. III. ELEMENTS OF ART USED The elements of art that were used by Simon dela Rosa Flores were color and value. The colors that were used, symbolized the emotions and feelings that was felt by the mother in the painting like the dark blue for sorrow and the white tunic for hope and also for faith in God. The cherubs color depicts guidance and also light from them. Value is also used in a way that the painting has its cultural value especially for Filipinos.It is also because of the deep meaning behind the painting of the grie ving mother. IV. SOCIO-HISTORICAL CONTEXT ON ART AND SOCIETY Simon dela Rosa Flores is known in his time in devoting his art to religious views, wealthy and famous people. He likes making portraits of people and most of his paintings includes use of oil in a canvas. One of his religious paintings is the Mater Dolorosa which is close to his mother and child and San Roque but instead of the child there where cherubs. Mater Dolorosa means grieving mother in Spanish.Many versions of this painting were done specially on the Spanish times. Hs painting started in the 19th century where the illustrados saw the rise of art of painting. The illustrados contracted painters to make portrait of themselves to document and for others to see their new found wealth and social status. One of the painters who are appointed is no other than Simon Flores. He painted jewelry, fashion accessories, minuet details of embroidered clothes and religious patrons. From there, he started painting religious figure s and even rich families became his focus.

Medicine and Skilled Care Pharmacy Essay

I. Statement of the problemHow can Skilled veneration Pharmacy improve their strategy from the rapidly evolving financial structure of health care, constant evolution of medical practice, employee retention and shortage of licensed pharmacy personnel?II. Objectives* To retain employees.* To identify ways to keep up with the constant evolution of medical practice.* To share the shortage of pharmacist personnel in the company.III. SWOT analysisIV. Alternative Courses of Action1. Skilled Care Pharmacy could provide incentives and enhance benefits for employees to be equal to achieve employee retention. 2. Skilled Care Pharmacy could widen their search for pharmacist personnel from different countries. 3. Skilled Care Pharmacy could provide seminars and trainings to keep up with new medical techniques and practices.Advantages for each of the Alternative Courses of Action 1. Skilled Care Pharmacy would be able to retain much of their employees and prevent employee turnover. 2. Skilled Care Pharmacy would be able to address the shortage of pharmaceutical personnel within the organization. 3. Skilled Care Pharmacy would be guaranteed of their employeescapabilities and skills with regards to the ever ever-changing medical practice. Disadvantages for each of the Alternative Courses of Action1. Additional costs would be incurred for enhanced benefits or additional incentives given to regular employees. 2. Other pharmacists hired from foreign may not be as competitive with the usual pharmacists. 3. Additional cost would be acquired because of additional trainings and seminars for the company.V. RecommendationFollow all alternative courses of bodily process to be able to keep up with certain changes in the company.

Research Indicates Essay

Research indicates that the characteristics we are born with comport much more influence on our individualality and development than any causes we may contract in our breeding. Every people in our life born with some parametrics, like health, mental power and another ones. Some people think that the initial characteristics influence on our development and personality. I agree with it, but I think that any experience in our life have more move too. Let us consider it. First of all, people learn anything during whole life. When people born they learn how to eat, how to move, how to read, write and another.All of these depend on our life experience, not on our characteristics. Secondly, each time when we make mistake, we try to analyze why it happened and how to prevent mistakes like this. We are developing according our mistakes. Also, parents have great influence on their children personality as from the early ages they teach children every aspects of life. Parents explain to t heir children what is right, what is wrong. According to this, children develop their positive or negative worldview. Also person who has good characteristics will study, work hard and develop his experience it will influence his development in life. In conclusion, I believe that the life experience has a great influence on our character and the man is never too old to learn. Is your memory changing with age?People who believe they have a poor memory are usually no worse at remembering than whose who believe they have a good memory. One speculation for this is that people are influenced by their general beliefs about how memory changes with age. If you believe your memory will get worse as you grow older, you will stand more attention to memory failures and each bout of forgetfulness will reinforce your belief that your memory is getting worse. Common everyday memory failures tend to be judged more harshly when these failures belong to an older person. A large scale study over a t en year period anchor that cognitive decline is not a normal part of aging for most elderly people. 70% of the adults in the study showed no decline in memory. What has been found is that there are factors that may affect memory in older adults. These are high blood pressure, obesity and smoking. Is your memory changing with age?

Review of related studies on library service in the Philippines Essay

program depository library has increased with the complexity of our society. The rapid growth of technology has meant that many gadgets and equipment have appeared and continuous progress of the world the help of the Science and Technology. depository library is considered the heart of the school day it is expected to be taken care of for its normal functioning day by day. Many students, workers, and researchers lack varies value information that are provided by the library and giving them important data that they need. At the equivalent time libraries are progressing as the whole world progress.The world we live it seems so easier now beca consumption of the immobile growing high technology that were given by the inventors. In the same phase of this statement, we have to labour the perception of the students in a particular library, are they satisfied regarding the function provided by the library, and are they comfortable. library is derived from the French word librairi e in Latin liber means book. It is an organized collection of information resources made accessible to a defined community for reference.It provides physical or digital access to material, and may be a physical building or room, or a virtual space, or both. A librarys collection can include books, periodicals, newspapers, manuscripts, films, maps, prints, documents, microforms, CDs, cassettes, video tapes, DVDs, e-books, audio books, database, and other formats.A library is organized for work and maintained by a public body, an institution, a corporation, or a private individual. Public and institutional collections and operate may be intended for use by people who chose not to or cannot soften to purchase an extensive collection themselves, who need material no individual can reasonably be expected to have, or who require professional assist with their research. In addition libraries are expected with render to ensure maximum and availability of collection of all references needed, there by showing the satisfactory use of the library materials through adequate range and quality services. Administration should enforced proper coordination between the talent and the library staffs in promoting effective use of library resources by the students.Modern libraries are increasingly beingness redefined as places to get unrestricted access to information in many formats and from many sources. They are extending services beyond the physical walls of a building, by providing material accessible by electronic means, and by providing the assistance of librarians in navigating and analyzing very large amounts of information with a variety of digital tools. In the Philippines, the national library can trace its history to the establishment of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas (Museum-Library of the Philippines), established by royal order of the Spanish brass on August 12, 1887. It opened on October 24, 1891 at the Casa de la Monedain Intramuros, then home of the Philippine Mint, with almost 100 volumes and with both Julian Romero and Benito Perdiguero as director and archivist-librarian, respectively.Romero resigned in 1893 and was briefly replaced by Tomas Torres of the Escuela de Artes y Ofcios in Bacolor, Pampanga (now the Don Honorio Ventura College of Arts and Trades), who in turn was replaced by Don Pedro A. Paterno on March 31, 1894. By that time, the library had moved to a site in Quiapo near the present site of the Masjid Al-Dahab. Later on, Paterno promulgated the first issue of the BoletindelMuseo-Bibliotecade Filipinas (Bulletin of the Museum-Library of the Philippines) on January 15, 1895.The Museo-Biblioteca was abolished upon the onset of the America colonization of the Philippines. By the time of its abolition, the library held near 1,000 volumes and averaged around 25-30 visitors a day. The entire collection would later be transferred at Paternos expense to his have got private library, of which some books would form th e basis for the Filipiniana collection of subsequent incarnations of the national library. (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library) In the University of Cagayan Valley, library offers students service such as informational service, Wi-Fi connection, and internet connection.In this way, the University of Cagayan Valley is getting for the best in uplifting the quality and trainingof the students as the costumers of the institution. The University of Cagayan Valley operates with the open shelves and internet system. Book holdings are sort according to the Dewey decimal classification schemed, it consists of different section namely the general reference section periodicals confine section circulation filipiniana and reading room.Many students found it difficult to utilize the services just like the BSMT students perceptions in the library regarding of their services which in the internet system there are no printing machine provided to the students that they can use therefore, this is one of the reason which struck the researchers decision to conduct a research in order to know and evaluate how tertiary students perceive in the delivery of services of the library.SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONThis chapter presents the summary of findings, conclusions as well as the recommendations Summary of Findings1. Age The frequency highest frequency of BSMT students from 2nd 3rd year was 18 years old followed by 17, 19, 20, 21, and the last is 22. 2. sex activity The majority was male having percentage of 90% while the female is 10% only. 3. Civil Status every(prenominal) respondents was single.4. Religion The Roman Catholic is the highest frequency having percentage of 97% and 3% only for the other religion.5. Students at that place 509 BSMT students from 2nd 3rd Year of the University of Cagayan Valley and only 100 students who were chosen through random sampling. destructionThe data gathered showed by this study pertaining to the respondents profile were contributive to the effectiveness of the subject under the study. From the findings of the study, it could be further concluded that the perception of the BSMT students on the services of the library of UCV is often.BIBLIOGRAOHYSerafin D. Quiazon, Reflecting of the Staff Development of the National Library, Bulletin of the National Library association. NIV (March-June 1972) p. 8. Ferdinand Marcos, 46th General Conference International Federation of library connexion and Institution. (Manila IFLA, 1980), p. 5. Philippine Library Association, Bulletin of the Philippine Library Association. Vol. 7, Nos, 1-4. P. 53. Dr. Lino Arquiza, The administrators Role in Developing Library Service. p.2(114 JPL 27 (1&2) pp. 109-150) Veranda C. Sernande, May 2004, LIBRARY RESOURCE, FACILITIES AND SERVICES OF THE PRIVATE HIGHER EDUCATION founding ON THE CAGAYAN VALLEY REGION (Dissertation). Denny, Carolyn Ann King, A survey of Users Attitudes Towards the Resources and Sources of the Th ree University Libraries in Saudi Arabia, Dissertation Abstract International, 55 (1995)Internet Resourcehttp//www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1320212.htmlhttp//nnlm.gov/mar/about/valuerelated.htmlhttp//www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1397981.html Title Production programming for Manufacturing Execution System Author Steen Lamparter, Lars JordanFarzana Shafique, Islamia University, Bahawalpur.http//www.studymode.com/essays/Review-Of-Related-Studies-1397981.html http//www.webpages.uidaho.edu/mbolin/baskaran.htmhttp//paarl.wikispaces.com/file/view/Evaluation+of+Standards+for+Acad+Libraries.pdf Title AN EVALUATION OF STANDARDS FOR

Howard Zinn: Use and Abuse of History Summary

Response to Howard Zinn word recital is something we constantly refer to progress ourselves as humans, we learn from our mistakes and continue to strive from our successes. alone who is to say what is a horrible mistake or a courageous act of valor? That which was documented active what happened so long ago, was done by a person who spread the story or wrote it d induce from their perspective. Howard Zinns argument that in that location is no such thing as im fond(p) explanation pass waterly illustrates that when invoice is recorded there is al styluss two cheeks to the story, that things are every unexpended knocked out(p) or unploughed in to s air the reader to one side or the other. Ein truthone is biased, whether they know it or not, in possessing wakeless goals, purposes and ends. (Zinn, Use and evil of biography,51) Not only back end tale be recorded partially besides also it mass be preached partially. By that I mean that in todays fellowship many things are censored, not published or not publicized. If they dont share a view that the government doesnt standardized, that a publisher knows volition not sell a hold in or that get out cause negative controversy the news report probably wont hazard it to the eyes of the public. (Use and misuse of History,62).History is partial because no return who tells it, all the details cannot be accounted for, things are leave(a) out or over emphasized to prove a point or show a certain view. In todays school ashes children learn bill the way it has been mandated by the government not out of apprizeers discretion. The way memoir is taught in America is very partial, the idea that America is this countrified that is oh so glorious and built on the fundamentals of a amend and morally salubrious society is over-glorified. The story of Christopher Columbus is a great example that Zinn uses.Americans teach their youth about the courageous sailor who founded the new world and the glory h e brought. But pull out out the side notes of the genocide he had started and the ruthlessness of thraldom all for his own personal glory. (Use and maltreatment of History 56-57) Two sides of the same story, though both sides are never told. The idea that the founder of a country was a ruthless murderer would never swing in elementary schools, no matter how much of a reality it is. One must inevitably omit large chunks of what is procurable in historical nurture. But what is mitted is critical in the kind of historical education people get (Use and hatred of History 56). It is insane to count that children should be taught every shred of history in school, they focus on the main points entirely again these main points are synthesized to show what a regulated counsel of officials decides is earmark knowledge to learn. The books however that detail accounts that hold a darker look at the events or people like Christopher Columbus are not hidden or burned. Instead they are out there only if they are not brought to students in silver platters and shoved down their throats.Rather they are off to the side and are available to those who look but if the schools do such a good job and proving how much of a milling machinery Christopher Columbus was who would ever look for such a book? History is partial because societys pick out officials choose what is put in the public eye, the officials decide what the kind norm for history will be and they over emphasize glory and nationalism for the sake of our their nations pride not because it is the right side of the story, but what the public will perceive as the right story. Whenever someone says, history proves and then cites a list of historical facts, we should beware. We can al ways select facts from history (there are wads to choose from) to prove almost anything (Violence and human nature 41) The way we can use and abuse history is as easy as putting someones name into Google and hitting search. People ca n pick and choose what facts about something they wish to argue, again pushing for the partial use of history to suck up a point. An extreme example of course would be Adolph Hitler, you ask a student about Hitler their prompt response would be he was a monster.Many would agree, but what he did for the economy of Germany and how he brought a ravenous and poor country back to power can be considered in respects a formidable act of great leadership and planning. (Trueman , The Nazis and the German Economy) The way history is presented is in a way that makes the conferrer (the government) look good in the eyes of its citizens. The picking and choosing of facts only furthers the stereotype that the world had good guys and self-aggrandising guys, good countries and bad countries, and ours was good (Violence and Human Nature 41).It makes sense in a way that it keeps the sight satisfied with their style and way of government. If the complete history of the U. S. governmental flaws a nd acts of murders were to be published and used in schools of course the reaction would be to demand change and affectk a new way of doing things. But that in itself would be using history in a partial way and again proving history his used to prove points and emphasis ideas based on who is telling them.Zinns idea that being partial is inevitable (Use and demoralize of History 51) cannot be denied, history is always told to prove a point and a point cannot be proven unless ideas are supported with the right facts chosen by those who document them. The ideas, spirits and set we hold so strong to ourselves dictate the way we see art, literature and the world. The way we see history and record history is also based again on our value and beliefs, what we set in our promontory to be so great, honest and true such as our country can be bleary by how attached we are to these values and beliefs we have. The chief problem in historical honesty is not outright lying. It is omission or deemphasis of important data. The definition of important, of course depends on ones values. (Use and Abuse of History51) The values that we hold to ourselves have come from our upbringing, from what we are taught growing up. It is no wonder that Americans see their country as beautiful, free and the birth of the ideal American business dream. Taking into my own perspective, The Ludlow Massacre (Use and Abuse of Hitory, 51-53) I initially held the idea that the American government always promoted the growth of its economy in positive measures.From what was taught to me in history class the only struggle I had known about in the Americas regarding the economy was the great depression and slavery. After reading that part of the article it seems very clear to myself why that was kept away from the public. The stock market crash, the great depression and slavery are all pieces of American history that are unavoidable that are known by the global public, but the Ludlow Massacre becaus e of the scale and the remoteness of the incident, the American government was able to sweep it away out of view of the public eye.The depression and slavery were both triumphed by the government of America, where it was able to lead their country to economic prosperity and end slavery. But as for the massacre, they burned children and killed hundreds. If this were made usual knowledge it may perhaps alter some beliefs of values held in the economic pride of the United States. I see that values lter how you view things because theyre essentially what you believe to be true, and the way history is portrayed it is clear to see that it is partial and that it does take sides. Zinn is very clearly telling the readers that history cannot be told as a whole, bits and pieces are left aside at the discretion of the author. A tiny part maybe left out, but the moral value it can hold can be tremendous even belief altering, that is why history it seems in a sense is regulated and a product th at is designed for the general public.The concept that history inevitably takes sides (Use and Abuse of History 51) is a main point in how Zinn argues that history is partial. A bias is always present no matter who the scribe is because the scribe themselves is on a side, or he/she has certain views that alter how they record or present the event they have witnessed. (Use and Abuse of History 51) If this bias is always present is there really a right and wrong way to see two sides given in history?There is also countless other factors that are prevalent in regards to a bias opinion is this the idea the publisher wants to display, will this spark controversy, will this get my point across, will this show we are superior? (Use and Abuse of History, 59) Zinn brings forward many ways that would sway a historiographer to push one side of the story more than the other. there is a conservative bias to history a tendency to emphasize what previous generations have emphasized. The motive fo r that is safety, because the historian who breaks the pattern causes stares and suspicions. (Use and Abuse of History,59) The social norm stands dominant in the way history is engineered for the public, I think that it is harder for historians to avoid certain tendencies in what is written because of who will publish it and what controversies it will cause, and especially who will wear for it. History it seems today is more of a business to promote ideas and beliefs that are inside the box, it promotes uniformity in the believers of the old, that those who learn about historys dark secrets must choose to, that nothing beyond the social norm will be willingly presented to them in fear that their ideologies and beliefs will change.Historys partial system of facts and the idea that entire civilizations are morally horrid or angelic is so biased because that is the way history has always been. Every story told is nothing but a point of view, that one side of a story always remains do minant to another that portrays a negative outcome for the storyteller. Howard Zinns idea that there is no such thing as impartial history because of how it is twisted to either include or ignore things or to emphasize or deemphasize certain ideas seems to do nothing but prove valid.History is something that has always been partial to emphasize values and ideas to prove something and make sure people take care it in a certain way. The idea that you cannot ignore the past has a different meaning to me now, you can choose to ignore certain pieces of the past. Historys conservative outlook constantly pushes the same values and ideas this is because we specify which ideas and values should be pushed. The way history is sliced and diced reflects what the government and publishers think how we should view history.Events of the past are pushed to the side so that ideas of morality and righteousness still stand strong, even though our elected leaders of the past commit crimes it isnt in th e best interest of the general public that this information become readily available. (Use and Abuse of History 56-62) Zinns arguments prove to show that history is partial, that things are left out for certain reasons and things are emphasized to prove points.History can never be impartial because there will always be a degree of bias in whoever records it, neutrality can never really present when describing a conflict because even the idea of neutrality is a personal opinion. History itself is a product to be consumed by the masses, the ideas are ingested and regurgitated so the social norm remains strong and that certain ideologies are always held. Bibliography 1. Trueman, Chris. The Nazis and the German Economy. The Nazis and the German Economy. History Learning Site, n. d. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. . 2. Zinn, Howard. The Use and Abuse of History. Coursepack

History of Early New York Immigration

Immigration is an howevert that has been occurring in fresh York since 1624 when the Dutch West India Company assembled thirty families from Holland to launch a settlement that became known as cutting Netherland. galore(postnominal) immigrants came to our nation looking for opportunities that their country could not provide for them. The prospect of political and spiritual liberty, as sanitary as opportunities for economic advancements brought one thousand thousands of immigrants to America. Through the age, immigration has played a key post in the New Yorks economic, political and social development in both positive and blackball ways.During the colonial era most immigrants came from northern European countries. Their numbers declined with the onset of the Revolutionary War during the 1770s, precisely immigration picked up strongly again during the 1840s and 1850s. Between 1840 and 1860, the New York received its scratch line immense cast of immigrants. In Europe as a w hole, famine, poor harvests, rising populations and political unrest caused an estimated five million mickle to leave their homelands each year. In Ireland, blight attacked the potato crop, and upwards of 750,000 people starved to death. umteen of the survivors emigrated.The failure of the German Confederations Revolution of 1848-49 led many of its people to emigrate. Many settled in New York City, where the population increased from 200,000 residents in 1830 to 515,000 in 1850. By 1860, New York was home to all everywhere one million residents. More than half of the citys population at that time were immigrants and their American-born children. The the great unwashed of immigrants were overwhelming. By 1887, it became obvious that Castle Garden (immigrant receiving lieu) was too small to process the large numbers of immigrants gushy into the New York.The Castle Garden was so small that criminals were simply hanging out at the receiving station to rob the immigrants inside, instead of waiting for them to get on the streets. Thus, the government built Ellis Island in 1892 and immigrants continued effusive in. The number of immigrants was so great that by 1910 immigrants and their families composed over half the total population of New York. During Industrialization many naked as a jaybird immigrants on their way out of Southern and Eastern Europe due(p) to over population and religious persecution.Approximately 25 million arrived between 1866 and 1915. While earlier immigrants had engender mainly from northern European countries such as England, Germany, and the Scandinavian countries, by the 1880s most new immigrants were arriving from southern and eastern countries such as Italy, Poland, and Russia. More than a million immigrants arrived in each of the years 1905, 1907, and 1910, some fleeing the pogroms (organized massacres) taking place in Eastern Europe, and others seeking a life that they could never bring within the borders of their poverty- stricken countries.These later immigrants, arriving from southern and eastern Europe, were Czechs, Poles, Ukrainians, Serbs, Slovaks and Russian, as well as Italians, Greeks, Hungarians, and Rumanians. Approximately cristal percent of them were Jews fleeing the repressive policies of Czarist Russia under Alexander III, although Roman and Orthodox Catholics were among the arrivals. The tremendous industrial step-up of the late nineteenth century created an unprecedented demand for establishers. The construction of canals and railroads required an enormous force of semiskilled(prenominal) wear outers.Hence, practically all the new immigrants found jobs in transportation, mining, and manufacturing. Without this supply of labor, New York s industrial expanding upon could not have taken place. A few exceptional immigrants rose to positions of wealth and big businessman. But for the great mass of immigrants, success meant something much more limited. It meant better wages, money in the bank, ownership of a home, and a brighter future for their children. as yet though immigrants helped to make the Industrial Revolution possible they faced opposition in economics and politics.The response to these newcomers was unfriendly and inhospitable. The Americans who saw their job security challenged by immigrants that were willing to work weeklong hours for lower wages did not welcome. The new comers did not have the same culture as the first immigrants that had come from Northern and Western Europe. Most lacked skills and very few spoke side of meat, some could not contract or write in any language. The Slavic and Polish (excluding Jewish) immigrants groups were viewed as unskilled, illiterate, and transient and were seen as a bigger threat to New York institutions than the other European ethnic groups.They were not ambitious people, tended to keep to themselves, and were oppose to the American idea of materialism. Many of the Slavs and Poles distrusted New York p ublic schools they withdrew their children from school and encouraged them to seek training in a trade, thus allowing a high rate of dropouts. Likewise, Italians were discriminated against because they also provided cheap labor and, naturally of a clannish nature, tended to move and settle as a group in Italian communities where they only worked with fashion plate countrymen and did not learn the ways of urban life.Americans thought that Italians did not assimilate into the American culture well since they held on their old-country traditions and cultures so strongly. Assimilation was important to the Americans because they were fearful of the change that came with other cultures, not to mention their vexation towards the new languages already replacing English in several parts of the cities. The Italians also brought the Mafia, which although in Italy enforce justice, came under the control of criminals in New York, and became known for racketeering, blackmail, and extortion.The immigrants were blamed for creating disorder and violence in the cities, and in general, were thought to be birds of passage who would use the American economy to make their fortunes, then return to their domestic land taking American dollars. The ever-growing influx of immigrants disturbed many native-born Americans who were annoyed by the newcomers appearance and way of life. They expected these people, no matter what their place of origin, to conform to Anglo-Saxon patterns of behavior and to cherish the institutions of America.These anti-immigrant, natives, sentiments, and the disgust and prejudice toward these immigrants led to the passing of immigration laws that greatly restricted the flow of immigration . The first regulative law prevented immigration of lunatics, criminals, polygamists, people with diseases, and those likely to be public charges. In August of 1882, the first national immigration law was adopted. This law put a head tax on all immigrant passengers. Law s from notes. Many American believed that these immigration restrictions were necessary to keep the New York city from deteriorating.The population living in cities of over 30,000 increased from ten percent of the total in 1860 to more than twenty-five percent of the total US population by 1900. The pressure of the tremendous inflow of immigrants quickly outstripped the great power of the New Yorks established institutions to cope with them. Already poor in the Old Country, for the most part, they arrived in America penniless and do their homes in the growing tenements of Americas major cities, like New York. The severe strain on the housing situation coupled with discriminatory practices eventually led to the creation of ghettos.Women and children were often sent to work to contribute to the survival of the family, old-world views that eventually led to wholesale exploitation of child labor. Poverty on a never-before-seen scale became the norm in Americas urban centers. Perplexed , poor, and lacking knowledge of the American lifestyle, these immigrants were used as a low-paid labor force for dirty jobs that nobody else wanted and felt the acerbity of Industrialism the most. They did not know their bosses, class animosity often divided management and labor, and their interests and wants were of little concern to the corporations.Because these people did not have the proper education, many of them remained unskilled or semi-unskilled throughout their lives. Although many could not take the work skills they needed, they gained many other things. By the early 1900s, ninety percent of those who could not speak English learned to do so in less than ten years after they arrived, and only a third was still illiterate. Despite their many hardships, the new immigrants were determined to make it in the New World.For example, the Slavs ability to take the worst jobs and stick with them enabled them to become one of the top two ethnic groups representing employees of A mericas leading industries . It was the clashing of old-world views with those of new-world ideas that forced compromises that helped to advance social and political thoughts. The cities would not have heavy(p) without people to provide cheap labor in the factories, and it was the willingness to provide a cheap source of labor and to work the most difficult and menial jobs that helped enable the United Stated to make the economic gains that she made.The temper and perseverance of the immigrants made America and industrial giant and the world economic power it is today Even though immigrants helped to make the Industrial Revolution possible they faced opposition in economics and politics. Although New York benefited from immigration they tended to regard the newcomers as competitors for their jobs. This is understandable not only because of fluctuations of the economy, which caused unemployment but because immigrants were often used as strike.The new immigrants that came to America that could read, write, speak, and understand English were lated by many political supports. Those people feared that if an immigrant were gain power in politics that they might try to incorporate their old customs and traditions in politics. Many Americans even opposed the idea of allowing immigrants the right to vote. Even after immigrants were to become Americanized, political supports fought to keep immigrants from participating in politics.

African American Politicians

During the reconstruction succession over two thousand African Americans served in federal, state, and topical anaesthetic offices. Information on these individuals is difficult to find, seeing as during this time stark rightfulnessmakers were condemned as subhuman, and in no need of documentation. Eric Foner, author of Black Politicians in the Reconstruction Era, stated that of the two thousand he and found about 1465 for his book. A great deal of the information on these men and the offices they held was obscure and incorrect. many a(prenominal) scholars had false information about the education take aim of these African American lawmakers. For example, many scholars claimed that most black delegates to the Georgia convention were illiterate, actu anyy twenty-two of these thirty-seven could read and write. This was impressive seeing as it was against the law in many states for African Americans to be taught how to read or write. The basic research on these politicians was no n done because these scholars thought they knew all they needed to know.These lawmakers were black many were ex-slaves, so they must have been ignorant, corrupt, and incompetent, this was the stereotype, yet it was non so Many of the African American leading saw fit to educate themselves. work force like John Roy Lynch, who took time off from his photographers studio to observe a colour classroom from across an alley. He continued this until he had mastered all of the classes taught there. Situations like this show the appetite and determination these men had to learn. He used this training to become speaker of the Mississippi house and subsequently a member of congress.These are only two of the many examples of African Americans who self educated themselves in a time when African Americans were banned from education. Others did have a formal education. In South Carolina, present Treasurer Francis L. Cardozo attended Glasgow and London. He was a minister in New Haven and a p romontory for the School for Blacks in Charleston. These were better credentials than some whiteness politicians had. Economically black politicians were in no way reaping the monetary rewards that Conservatives and white carpetbaggers enjoyed.While African Americans status impressive compared to other freedmen, most could not translate political power into a share of the economic growth of their states. Even prominent leaders such as Hiram Revels, who was the first the first black man to serve in the United States Senate sometimes found it necessary to take small loans from white politicians to meet every day expense. The reconstruction era was a difficult time for African American politicians. In a time when negative stereotypes where all too common, and the color of your skin determined your level of intelligence in the eyes of many.Black leaders had to work twice as hard to accomplish half as much. An extremely relevant point, and a credit to the African American politicians was the fact that there was a very small amount of vengefulness in their actions and words. They had no dreams or desires to take advantage, or become greedy with the power they were beginning to acquire. They seemed more fixated on receiving what they thought they were entitled to. Beverly Nash, a member of the South Carolina convention, asserted in his first speech, the white man is a true friend of the black man.He went on to say, I you could see the ringlet of the society that banner represents, you would see the white man and the black man standing with their arms locked together, as the type of friendship we desire. Even when some leaders such as Henry McNeal Turner, who was almost universally disliked by whites, still did what he could to assist in helping the white economy remember its economic strength. Even after all that was done to them, the black leaders held no resentment, and worked for the benefites of blacks and whites as a whole.In conclusion, there are many misco nceptions about African American leaders during the era of reconstruction. From their level of education, to the positions they held, and the lifestyles they lead. Black leaders were equally, if not more qualified than their white counter parts for political positions. regrettably they were not being compensated in the same manner as the white politicians.